Interim Safety Profile From the Feasibility Study of the BrainGate Neural Interface System.

Autor: Rubin DB; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. drubin4@mgh.harvard.edu., Ajiboye AB; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Barefoot L; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Bowker M; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Cash SS; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Chen D; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Donoghue JP; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Eskandar EN; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Friehs G; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Grant C; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Henderson JM; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Kirsch RF; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Marujo R; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Masood M; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Mernoff ST; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Miller JP; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Mukand JA; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Penn RD; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Shefner J; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Shenoy KV; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Simeral JD; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Sweet JA; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Walter BL; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Williams ZM; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA., Hochberg LR; From the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) (D.B.R., L.B., S.S.C., C.G., R.M., M.M., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery (Z.M.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School (D.B.R., S.S.C., L.R.H.), Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.B.A., R.F.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; FES Center of Excellence, Rehab. R&D Service (A.B.A., R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S., B.L.W.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (CfNN) (M.B., J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI; Legs and Walking Lab (D.C.), Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (D.C.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL; Department of Neuroscience (J.P.D.), Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), School of Engineering (J.P.D., J.D.S., L.R.H.), and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (J.A.M.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurological Surgery (E.N.E.), Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; European University of Cyprus (G.F.), Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), Bio-X Institute (J.M.H., K.V.S.), and Departments of Neurobiology (K.V.S.), Electrical Engineering (K.V.S.), and Bioengineering (K.V.S.), Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurological Surgery (R.F.K., J.P.M., J.A.S.), University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Neurology Section (S.T.M.), VA Providence Health Care System, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.T.M.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Sargent Rehabilitation Center (J.A.M.), Warwick, RI; Section of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Department of Neurosurgery (R.D.P.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University (K.V.S.); Center for Neurological Restoration (B.L.W.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; and Program in Neuroscience (Z.M.W.), Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Publikováno v: Neurology [Neurology] 2023 Mar 14; Vol. 100 (11), pp. e1177-e1192. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jan 13.

Demyelination and neurodegeneration early in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis contribute to functional deficits in the anterior visual pathway.

Autor: Sekyi, Maria T.¹ (AUTHOR), Feri, Micah¹ (AUTHOR), Desfor, Shane¹ (AUTHOR), Atkinson, Kelley C.¹ (AUTHOR), Golestany, Batis¹ (AUTHOR), Beltran, Fernando¹ (AUTHOR), Tiwari-Woodruff, Seema K.¹ (AUTHOR) seema.tiwari-woodruff@medsch.ucr.edu

Publikováno v: Scientific Reports. 11/9/2024, p1-20. 20p.

Improving therapeutic potential of GDNF family ligands.

Autor: Runeberg-Roos P; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PB 56 (Viikinkaari 5D), FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland. pia.runeberg@helsinki.fi.; Nanoform Finland, Viikinkaari 4, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland. pia.runeberg@helsinki.fi., Penn RD; Rush Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Publikováno v: Cell and tissue research [Cell Tissue Res] 2020 Oct; Vol. 382 (1), pp. 173-183. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Jul 28.

Regulation of brain fluid volumes and pressures: basic principles, intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus.

Autor: Hladky, Stephen B.¹ (AUTHOR) sbh1@cam.ac.uk, Barrand, Margery A.¹ (AUTHOR)

Publikováno v: Fluids & Barriers of the CNS. 7/17/2024, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p1-57. 57p.

Detection of Subclinical Diabetic Retinopathy by Fine Structure Analysis of Retinal Images.

Autor: Khansari MM; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA., O'Neill WD; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Penn RD; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University and Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA., Blair NP; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Shahidi M; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Publikováno v: Journal of ophthalmology [J Ophthalmol] 2019 Jul 04; Vol. 2019, pp. 5171965. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Jul 04 (Print Publication: 2019).