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Heat-Stable Carbetocin versus Oxytocin to Prevent Hemorrhage after Vaginal Birth.

Autor: Widmer M; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Piaggio G; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Nguyen TMH; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Osoti A; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Owa OO; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Misra S; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Coomarasamy A; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Abdel-Aleem H; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Mallapur AA; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Qureshi Z; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Lumbiganon P; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Patel AB; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Carroli G; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Fawole B; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Goudar SS; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Pujar YV; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Neilson J; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Hofmeyr GJ; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Su LL; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Ferreira de Carvalho J; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Pandey U; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Mugerwa K; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Shiragur SS; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Byamugisha J; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Giordano D; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.)., Gülmezoglu AM; From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva (M.W., T.M.H.N., A.M.G.); Statistika Consultoria, Campinas, Brazil (G.P., J.F.C.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (A.O., Z.Q.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother and Child Hospital, Akure (O.O.O.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (B.F.) - both in Nigeria; Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack (S.M.), S. Nijalingappa Medical College and Hangal Shri Kumareshwar Hospital and Medical Research Center (A.A.M.), Karnatak Lingayat Education Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (S.S.G., Y.V.P.), and Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center (S.S.S.), Karnataka, Lata Medical Research Foundation and Daga Women's Hospital, Maharashtra (A.B.P.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - all in India; the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.C.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (J.N.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (H.A.-A.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (P.L.); Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales, Rosario, Argentina (G.C., D.G.); the Effective Care Research Unit, Universities of Witwatersrand-Johannesburg, Fort Hare-Alice, and Walter Sisulu-Eastern Cape, and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, Eastern Cape - all in South Africa (G.J.H.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.L.S.); and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (K.M., J.B.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2018 Aug 23; Vol. 379 (8), pp. 743-752. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Jun 27.