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pro vyhledávání: '"N. Valdes Ortega"'
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Autor:
Yuming Guo, Ariana Zeka, Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar, Alexandra Schneider, Jan Kyselý, Tran Ngoc Dang, Andy Haines, Noah Scovronick, E Samoli, Do Van Dung, Simona Fratianni, Barrak Alahmad, David M. Hondula, N. Valdes Ortega, Fiorella Acquaotta, Francesco Sera, Francesca de’Donato, Martina S. Ragettli, Matthias Mengel, Fatemeh Mayvaneh, Eric Lavigne, Samuel Osorio, Bing-Yu Chen, Haidong Kan, Aleš Urban, Shanshan Li, Rosana Abrutzky, M. Pascal, M. Hurtado Diaz, Veronika Huber, Iulian-Horia Holobaca, Klea Katsouyanni, Carmen Iñiguez, Susana Silva, Whanhee Lee, Antonella Zanobetti, Ho Kim, Jouni J. K. Jaakkola, Masahiro Hashizume, Paola Michelozzi, Alireza Entezari, C. De La Cruz Valencia, Christopher Astrom, Ene Indermitte, P. H. Nascimento Saldiva, Niilo R.I. Ryti, F. Di Ruscio, Hans Orru, Joana Madureira, Shilpa Rao, Xerxes Seposo, Ben Armstrong, Joel Schwartz, Ala Overcenco, Caroline Ameling, A. Aleman, Yasushi Honda, Rochelle Schneider, Yue Leon Guo, N. Gillett, D Houthuijs, Shilu Tong, Antonio Gasparrini, Patrick Goodman, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, M. de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Aurelio Tobias, Bertil Forsberg, P. Matus Correa, Dominic Royé
Publikováno v:
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE
r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica
instname
Digital.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 492-500 (2021)
Digital.CSIC: Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
instacron:RCAAP
Nat Clim Chang
r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica
instname
Digital.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 492-500 (2021)
Digital.CSIC: Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
instacron:RCAAP
Nat Clim Chang
Climate change affects human health; however, there have been no large-scale, systematic efforts to quantify the heat-related human health impacts that have already occurred due to climate change. Here, we use empirical data from 732 locations in 43
Externí odkaz:
https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::d9ff7f8664a5b1957bdf8abfb2fe3afa
https://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/7899
https://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/7899
Akademický článek
Tento výsledek nelze pro nepřihlášené uživatele zobrazit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
Akademický článek
Tento výsledek nelze pro nepřihlášené uživatele zobrazit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
Akademický článek
Tento výsledek nelze pro nepřihlášené uživatele zobrazit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
Akademický článek
Tento výsledek nelze pro nepřihlášené uživatele zobrazit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
K zobrazení výsledku je třeba se přihlásit.
Autor:
Liu C; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Chen R; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Sera F; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Vicedo-Cabrera AM; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Guo Y; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Tong S; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Coelho MSZS; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Saldiva PHN; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Lavigne E; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Matus P; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Valdes Ortega N; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Osorio Garcia S; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Pascal M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Stafoggia M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Scortichini M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Hashizume M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Honda Y; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Hurtado-Díaz M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Cruz J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Nunes B; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Teixeira JP; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Kim H; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Tobias A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Íñiguez C; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Forsberg B; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Åström C; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Ragettli MS; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Guo YL; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Chen BY; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Bell ML; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Wright CY; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Scovronick N; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Garland RM; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Milojevic A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Kyselý J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Urban A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Orru H; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Indermitte E; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Jaakkola JJK; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Ryti NRI; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Katsouyanni K; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Analitis A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Zanobetti A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Schwartz J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Chen J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Wu T; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Cohen A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Gasparrini A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Kan H; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.).
Publikováno v:
The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2019 Aug 22; Vol. 381 (8), pp. 705-715.