The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.

Autor: Librado P; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Khan N; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.; Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan., Fages A; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Kusliy MA; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.; Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia., Suchan T; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland., Tonasso-Calvière L; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Schiavinato S; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Alioglu D; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Fromentier A; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Perdereau A; Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France., Aury JM; Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France., Gaunitz C; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Chauvey L; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Seguin-Orlando A; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Der Sarkissian C; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France., Southon J; Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA., Shapiro B; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA., Tishkin AA; Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Kovalev AA; Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Alquraishi S; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Alfarhan AH; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Al-Rasheid KAS; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Seregély T; Institute for Archaeology, Heritage Conservation Studies and Art History, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany., Klassen L; Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark., Iversen R; Saxo Institute, section of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Bignon-Lau O; ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France., Bodu P; ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France., Olive M; ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France., Castel JC; Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Secteur des Vertébrés, Geneva, Switzerland., Boudadi-Maligne M; UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France., Alvarez N; Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland.; Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland., Germonpré M; OD Earth & History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium., Moskal-Del Hoyo M; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland., Wilczyński J; Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland., Pospuła S; Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland., Lasota-Kuś A; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland., Tunia K; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland., Nowak M; Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland., Rannamäe E; Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Tartu, Estonia., Saarma U; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia., Boeskorov G; Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia., Lōugas L; Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia., Kyselý R; Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia., Peške L; Prague, Czechia., Bălășescu A; Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania., Dumitrașcu V; Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania., Dobrescu R; Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania., Gerber D; Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.; Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary., Kiss V; Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary., Szécsényi-Nagy A; Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary., Mende BG; Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary., Gallina Z; Ásatárs Ltd., Kecskemét, Hungary., Somogyi K; Rippl-Rónai Municipal Museum with Country Scope, Kaposvár, Hungary., Kulcsár G; Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary., Gál E; Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary., Bendrey R; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Edinburgh, UK., Allentoft ME; Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Sirbu G; Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova., Dergachev V; Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova., Shephard H; Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA, USA., Tomadini N; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France., Grouard S; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France., Kasparov A; Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia., Basilyan AE; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Anisimov MA; Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia., Nikolskiy PA; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia., Pavlova EY; Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia., Pitulko V; Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia., Brem G; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Wallner B; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Schwall C; Department of Prehistory and Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria., Keller M; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany., Kitagawa K; SFB 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.; UMR 7194 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD, Paris, France., Bessudnov AN; Semenov-Tyan-Shanskii Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Lipetsk, Russia., Bessudnov A; Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia., Taylor W; Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA., Magail J; Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco., Gantulga JO; Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Bayarsaikhan J; Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.; Chinggis Khaan Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Erdenebaatar D; Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Tabaldiev K; Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan., Mijiddorj E; Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Boldgiv B; Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Tsagaan T; Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Pruvost M; UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France., Olsen S; Division of Archaeology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA., Makarewicz CA; Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.; ROOTS Excellence Cluster, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany., Valenzuela Lamas S; Archaeology of Social Dynamics, Institució Milà i Fontanals d'Humanitats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain., Albizuri Canadell S; Departament d'Història i Arqueologia-SERP, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Nieto Espinet A; Grup d'Investigació Prehistòrica, Universitat de Lleida, PID2019-110022GB-I00, Lleida, Spain., Iborra MP; Valencia, Spain., Lira Garrido J; Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.; Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain., Rodríguez González E; Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain., Celestino S; Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain., Olària C; Laboratori d'Arqueologia Prehistòrica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain., Arsuaga JL; Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain.; Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain., Kotova N; Department of Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Institute of Archaeology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine., Pryor A; Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK., Crabtree P; Center for the Study of Human Origins, Anthropology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA., Zhumatayev R; Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan., Toleubaev A; Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan., Morgunova NL; Scientific Research Department, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russia., Kuznetsova T; Department of paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.; Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia., Lordkipanize D; Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia.; Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia., Marzullo M; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy., Prato O; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy., Bagnasco Gianni G; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy., Tecchiati U; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy., Clavel B; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France., Lepetz S; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France., Davoudi H; University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran., Mashkour M; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France.; University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran., Berezina NY; Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia., Stockhammer PW; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Munich, Germany., Krause J; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany., Haak W; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia., Morales-Muñiz A; Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain., Benecke N; Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany., Hofreiter M; Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany., Ludwig A; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.; Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany., Graphodatsky AS; Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia., Peters J; ArchaeoBioCenter and Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.; SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany., Kiryushin KY; Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Iderkhangai TO; Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia., Bokovenko NA; Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia., Vasiliev SK; ArchaeoZOOlogy in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn International Research Laboratory, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia., Seregin NN; Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia., Chugunov KV; Department of Eastern European and Siberian Archaeology, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia., Plasteeva NA; Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia., Baryshnikov GF; Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia., Petrova E; Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania., Sablin M; Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia., Ananyevskaya E; Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania., Logvin A; Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan., Shevnina I; Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan., Logvin V; Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia., Kalieva S; Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia., Loman V; Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan., Kukushkin I; Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan., Merz I; Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan., Merz V; Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan., Sakenov S; Faculty of History, L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan., Varfolomeyev V; Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan., Usmanova E; Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan., Zaibert V; Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan., Arbuckle B; Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA., Belinskiy AB; Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia., Kalmykov A; Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia., Reinhold S; Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany., Hansen S; Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany., Yudin AI; Research Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Saratov, Russia., Vybornov AA; Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Epimakhov A; Russian and Foreign History Department, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.; South Ural Department, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia., Berezina NS; Archaeological School, Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, Cheboksary, Russia., Roslyakova N; Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Kosintsev PA; Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.; Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia., Kuznetsov PF; Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Anthony D; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Anthropology Faculty, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA., Kroonen GJ; Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands., Kristiansen K; Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark., Wincker P; Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France., Outram A; Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK., Orlando L; Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.

Publikováno v: Nature [Nature] 2021 Oct; Vol. 598 (7882), pp. 634-640. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Oct 20.