Early Adversity and Socioeconomic Factors in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study.

Autor: Jensen SKG; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Camposano S; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Berens A; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Waltz M; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Krupp LB; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Charvet L; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Belman AL; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Aaen GS; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Benson LA; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Candee M; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Casper TC; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Chitnis T; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Graves J; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Wheeler YS; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Kahn I; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Lotze TE; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Mar SS; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Rensel M; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Rodriguez M; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Rose JW; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Rubin JP; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Tillema JM; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Waldman AT; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Weinstock-Guttman B; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Barcellos LF; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Waubant E; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco., Gorman MP; From the Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program (S.K.G.J., S.C., L.A.B., M.P.G.), Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston College (S.K.G.J.), School of Social Work, MA; Stanford University School of Medicine (A.B.), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Pediatrics (M.W., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (L.B.K., L.C., A.L.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center at Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (G.S.A.), Loma Linda University, CA; Primary Children's Hospital (M.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Child Neurology (T.C.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; UCSD Pediatric MS Center (J.G.), San Diego, CA; Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease at the Children's of Alabama (Y.S.W.), University of Alabama, Birmingham; Children's National Medical Center (I.K.), Washington, DC; Baylor College of Medicine (T.E.L.), Houston, TX; Washington University Pediatric MS and other Demyelinating Disease Center (S.S.M.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.W.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (J.P.R.), IL; Division of Neurology (A.T.W.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; Division of Epidemiology and Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory (L.F.B.), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley; and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (E.W.), University of California San Francisco.

Publikováno v: Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation [Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm] 2024 Sep; Vol. 11 (5), pp. e200282. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 15.

Measuring the cost-effectiveness of a home-visiting intervention to promote early child development among rural families linked to the Rwandan social protection system.

Autor: Desmond C; Faculty of Health Sciences, SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, PRICELESS, University of Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa., Watt KG; Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa., Jensen SKG; Boston College, School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America., Simmons E; Boston College, School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America., Murray SM; University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America., Farrar J; Boston College, School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America., Placencio-Castro M; Boston College, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America., Sezibera V; Centre for Mental Health, University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda., Rawlings LB; The World Bank, Washington, DC, United States of America., Wilson B; The World Bank, Washington, DC, United States of America., Betancourt TS; Boston College, School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Publikováno v: PLOS global public health [PLOS Glob Public Health] 2023 Oct 24; Vol. 3 (10), pp. e0002473. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 24 (Print Publication: 2023).

Systemic inflammation during the first year of life is associated with brain functional connectivity and future cognitive outcomes.

Autor: Bach AM; Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA., Xie W; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, China., Piazzoli L; Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA., Jensen SKG; Department of Social Work, Boston College, USA., Afreen S; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh., Haque R; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh., Petri WA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia School of Medicine, USA., Nelson CA; Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Education, USA. Electronic address: Charles_nelson@harvard.edu.

Publikováno v: Developmental cognitive neuroscience [Dev Cogn Neurosci] 2022 Feb; Vol. 53, pp. 101041. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Dec 07.

Intergenerational impacts of trauma and hardship through parenting.

Autor: Jensen SKG; Boston College School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA., Sezibera V; Centre for Mental Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda., Murray SM; Boston College School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA., Brennan RT; Boston College School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.; Women's Study Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA., Betancourt TS; Boston College School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.

Publikováno v: Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines [J Child Psychol Psychiatry] 2021 Aug; Vol. 62 (8), pp. 989-999. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 07.

EEG signatures of cognitive and social development of preschool children-a systematic review.

Autor: Bhavnani S; Sangath, New Delhi, India., Lockwood Estrin G; Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom., Haartsen R; Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom., Jensen SKG; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America., Gliga T; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom., Patel V; Sangath, New Delhi, India.; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America., Johnson MH; Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Publikováno v: PloS one [PLoS One] 2021 Feb 19; Vol. 16 (2), pp. e0247223. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Feb 19 (Print Publication: 2021).