Association Between Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Outcomes of Emergency Tracheal Intubation: A Secondary Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Autor: DeMasi SC; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. Electronic address: stephanie.demasi@vumc.org., Self WH; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Aggarawal NR; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Fort Stewart, GA., April MD; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; 14(th) Field Hospital, Fort Stewart, GA., Andrea L; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY., Barnes CR; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA., Brainard J; Department of Anesthesiology, Fort Stewart, GA., Blinder V; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY., Dagan A; Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA., Driver B; Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN., Doerschug KC; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA., Douglas I; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz, Aurora, CO., Exline M; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH., Fein DG; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY., Gaillard JP; Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC., Gandotra S; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama., Gibbs KW; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC., Ginde AA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Fort Stewart, GA., Halliday SJ; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI., Han JH; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Center, Nashville, TN., Herbert T; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC., High K; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Hughes CG; Anesthesia Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Khan A; Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR., Latimer AJ; Anesthesia Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA., Maiga AW; Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Mitchell SH; Anesthesia Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA., Muhs AL; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Mohamed A; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY., Moskowitz A; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY., Page DB; Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, UAB Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama., Palakshappa JA; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC., Prekker ME; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN., Qian ET; Anesthesia Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Resnick-Ault D; Department of Emergency Medicine, Fort Stewart, GA., Rice TW; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Russel DW; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, UAB Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama., Schauer SG; Departments of Anesthesiology & Emergency Medicine, Center for Combat and Battlefield Research, Fort Stewart, GA., Seitz KP; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Shapiro NI; Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA., Smith LM; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Pulmonary and Critical Care Associates, Atrium Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC., Sottile P; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Fort Stewart, GA., Stempek S; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA., Trent SA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Fort Stewart, GA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO., Vonderhaar DJ; Department of Anesthesiology, Fort Stewart, GA; Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA., Walker JE; Department of Emergency Medicine, Fort Stewart, GA; Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, LA., Wang L; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Whitson MR; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama., Casey JD; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., Semler MW; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

Publikováno v: Annals of emergency medicine [Ann Emerg Med] 2024 Oct 08. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Oct 08.

Noninvasive Ventilation for Preoxygenation during Emergency Intubation.

Autor: Gibbs KW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Semler MW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Driver BE; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Seitz KP; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Stempek SB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Taylor C; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Resnick-Ault D; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., White HD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Gandotra S; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Doerschug KC; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Mohamed A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Prekker ME; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Khan A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Gaillard JP; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Andrea L; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Aggarwal NR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Brainard JC; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Barnett LH; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Halliday SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Blinder V; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Dagan A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Whitson MR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Schauer SG; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Walker JE Jr; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Barker AB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Palakshappa JA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Muhs A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Wozniak JM; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Kramer PJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Withers C; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Ghamande SA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Russell DW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Schwartz A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Moskowitz A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Hansen SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Allada G; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Goranson JK; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Fein DG; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Sottile PD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Kelly N; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Alwood SM; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Long MT; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Malhotra R; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Shapiro NI; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Page DB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Long BJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Thomas CB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Trent SA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Janz DR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Rice TW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Self WH; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Bebarta VS; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Lloyd BD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Rhoads J; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Womack K; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Imhoff B; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Ginde AA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Casey JD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2024 Jun 20; Vol. 390 (23), pp. 2165-2177. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 13.

Protocol and statistical analysis plan for the PREOXI trial of preoxygenation with noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen mask.

Autor: Gibbs KW; Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA., Ginde AA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Prekker ME; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Seitz KP; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Stempek SB; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA., Taylor C; Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA., Gandotra S; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA., White H; Department of Medicine, Division of pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA., Resnick-Ault D; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Khan A; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Mohmed A; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA., Brainard JC; Department of Anesthesiology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Fein DG; Division of Pulmonary Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA., Aggarwal NR; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA., Whitson MR; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA., Halliday SJ; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wi, USA., Gaillard JP; Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care ,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA., Blinder V; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA., Driver BE; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Palakshappa JA; Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA., Lloyd BD; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Wozniak JM; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA., Exline MC; Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA., Russell DW; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.; Pulmonary Section, Birmingham VA medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA., Ghamande S; Department of Medicine, Division of pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA., Withers C; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Hubel KA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Moskowitz A; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA., Bastman J; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Andrea L; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA., Sottile PD; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA., Page DB; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA., Long MT; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA., Goranson JK; Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA., Malhotra R; Division of Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA., Long BJ; 59 Medical Wing, United States Air Force, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA., Schauer SG; United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antoni, TX, USA., Connor A; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Anderson E; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Maestas K; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA., Rhoads JP; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Womack K; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Imhoff B; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Janz DR; University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine and Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA., Trent SA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA., Self WH; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Rice TW; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Semler MW; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA., Casey JD; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Publikováno v: MedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences [medRxiv] 2023 Mar 24. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Mar 24.

Intratumoral T cells have a differential impact on FDG-PET parameters in follicular lymphoma.

Autor: Nath K; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Law SC; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Sabdia MB; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Gunawardana J; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., de Long LM; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Sester D; TRI Flow Cytometry Suite, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Shanavas M; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Tsang H; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Tobin JWD; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Halliday SJ; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Hernandez A; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Cross D; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Bird RJ; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Jain S; ACT Pathology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia., Keane C; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Talaulikar D; Haematology Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia., Trotman J; Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.; University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia; and., Law P; Department of Medical Imaging, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Gandhi MK; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Publikováno v: Blood advances [Blood Adv] 2021 Jun 22; Vol. 5 (12), pp. 2644-2649.

LAG3: a novel immune checkpoint expressed by multiple lymphocyte subsets in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Autor: Keane C; Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Law SC; Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Gould C; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Birch S; Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Sabdia MB; Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Merida de Long L; Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Thillaiyampalam G; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Abro E; Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Tobin JW; Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Tan X; Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC., Xu-Monette ZY; Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC., Young KH; Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC., Gifford G; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Gabreilli S; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Stevenson WS; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Gill A; NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia., Talaulikar D; Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; Australia National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia; and., Jain S; Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; Australia National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia; and., Hernandez A; Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Halliday SJ; Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Bird R; Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Cross D; Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia., Hertzberg M; Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia., Gandhi MK; Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Publikováno v: Blood advances [Blood Adv] 2020 Apr 14; Vol. 4 (7), pp. 1367-1377.