Late surgical ventricular septal defect closure in a low middle-income country setting: a case series

Autor: Zawadi Edward Kalezi, Naizihijwa Majani, Alphonce Nsabi Simbila, Stella Mongella, Godwin Godfrey Sharau, Deogratias Nkya, Sulende Kubhoja

Publikováno v: Journal of Medical Case Reports, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-5 (2023)

Abstract Background Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the commonest type of congenital heart lesion accounting for up to 40% of congenital heart defects. Well timed VSD closures are reported to yield excellent long-term outcomes. Late surgical VSD c

Externí odkaz: https://doaj.org/article/130a367f1aff47afbd51df910feaa380

Late surgical ventricular septal defect closure in a low middle-income country setting: a case series.

Autor: Kalezi, Zawadi Edward, Majani, Naizihijwa, Simbila, Alphonce Nsabi, Mongella, Stella, Sharau, Godwin Godfrey, Nkya, Deogratias, Kubhoja, Sulende

Publikováno v: Journal of Medical Case Reports; 6/1/2023, Vol. 17 Issue 1, p1-5, 5p

Decolonizing Global Surgery: Bethune Round Table, 2022 Conference on Global Surgery (virtual), June 16-18, 2022.

Autor: Botelho F; From the Cirurgia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Botelho); the Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Canada (Botelho, Poenaru); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Gripp); Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada (Yanchar); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Naus); the Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Baird)., Gripp K; From the Cirurgia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Botelho); the Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Canada (Botelho, Poenaru); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Gripp); Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada (Yanchar); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Naus); the Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Baird)., Yanchar N; From the Cirurgia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Botelho); the Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Canada (Botelho, Poenaru); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Gripp); Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada (Yanchar); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Naus); the Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Baird)., Naus A; From the Cirurgia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Botelho); the Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Canada (Botelho, Poenaru); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Gripp); Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada (Yanchar); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Naus); the Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Baird)., Poenaru D; From the Cirurgia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Botelho); the Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Canada (Botelho, Poenaru); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Gripp); Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada (Yanchar); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Naus); the Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Baird)., Baird R; From the Cirurgia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Botelho); the Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Canada (Botelho, Poenaru); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Gripp); Pediatric General Surgery, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada (Yanchar); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Naus); the Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Baird)., Reis E; From the Aquiraz Municipal Health Department, Aquiraz, Brazil (Reis, Farias, S. Silva) and Fortaleza, Brazil (A.G. Silva, Viana, Armando), Brazil., Farias L; From the Aquiraz Municipal Health Department, Aquiraz, Brazil (Reis, Farias, S. Silva) and Fortaleza, Brazil (A.G. Silva, Viana, Armando), Brazil., Silva AG; From the Aquiraz Municipal Health Department, Aquiraz, Brazil (Reis, Farias, S. Silva) and Fortaleza, Brazil (A.G. Silva, Viana, Armando), Brazil., Viana F; From the Aquiraz Municipal Health Department, Aquiraz, Brazil (Reis, Farias, S. Silva) and Fortaleza, Brazil (A.G. Silva, Viana, Armando), Brazil., Neto JAP; From the Aquiraz Municipal Health Department, Aquiraz, Brazil (Reis, Farias, S. Silva) and Fortaleza, Brazil (A.G. Silva, Viana, Armando), Brazil., Silva S; From the Aquiraz Municipal Health Department, Aquiraz, Brazil (Reis, Farias, S. Silva) and Fortaleza, Brazil (A.G. Silva, Viana, Armando), Brazil., Ribeiro K; From the School of Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil (Ribeiro); the Department of Neurosurgery, Cajuru University Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (Gatto)., Gatto L; From the School of Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil (Ribeiro); the Department of Neurosurgery, Cajuru University Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (Gatto)., Faleiro MD; From the International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Brazil (Faleiro, Fernandez, Salgado)., Fernandez MG; From the International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Brazil (Faleiro, Fernandez, Salgado)., Salgado LS; From the International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Brazil (Faleiro, Fernandez, Salgado)., Sampaio NZ; From the Department of Surgery, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; and International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Araraquara, Brazil (Sampaio), Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Faleiro, Mendes) and Manaus, Brazil (Ferreira)., Faleiro MD; From the Department of Surgery, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; and International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Araraquara, Brazil (Sampaio), Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Faleiro, Mendes) and Manaus, Brazil (Ferreira)., Mendes AL; From the Department of Surgery, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; and International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Araraquara, Brazil (Sampaio), Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Faleiro, Mendes) and Manaus, Brazil (Ferreira)., Ferreira RV; From the Department of Surgery, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; and International Students Surgical Network (InciSioN), Araraquara, Brazil (Sampaio), Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Faleiro, Mendes) and Manaus, Brazil (Ferreira)., Marcião L; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Canto G; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Borges J; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Araújo V; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Andrade G; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Braga J; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Bentes L; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Pinto L; From the Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil (Marcião, Canto, Borges, Araújo, Andrade, Braga, Bentes, Pinto)., Ndasi HT; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Amlani LM; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Aminake G; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Penda X; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Tima S; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Lechtig A; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Agarwal-Harding KJ; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Baltimore, USA (Amlani) and Boston, USA (Lechtig, Agarwal-Harding); and the Baptist Hospital Mutengene, Cameroon (Ndasi, Aminake, Penda, Tima)., Whyte M; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Fowler-Woods M; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Fowler-Woods A; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Shingoose G; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Hatala A; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Daeninck F; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Vergis A; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Clouston K; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Hardy K; From the University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Winnipeg, Canada (Whyte, Vergis, Hardy); the University of Manitoba Faculty of Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada (M. Fowler-Woods, A. Fowler-Woods, Shingoose, Hatala); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (Daeninck, Clouston)., Djadje L; From the Faculty of Medicine, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Djoutsop, Djabo); the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Djoutsop OM; From the Faculty of Medicine, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Djoutsop, Djabo); the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Djabo AT; From the Faculty of Medicine, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Djoutsop, Djabo); the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Kanmounye US; From the Faculty of Medicine, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon (Djadje); the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Djoutsop, Djabo); the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Youmbi VN; From the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Youmbi, Kakobo, Djoutsop, Djabo); and the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Kakobo P; From the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Youmbi, Kakobo, Djoutsop, Djabo); and the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Djoutsop OM; From the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Youmbi, Kakobo, Djoutsop, Djabo); and the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Djabo AT; From the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Youmbi, Kakobo, Djoutsop, Djabo); and the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Kanmounye US; From the Faculty of Medicine, Bel Campus Technological University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Youmbi, Kakobo, Djoutsop, Djabo); and the Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kanmounye)., Tafesse S; From the Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tafesse, Tamene, Chimdesa, Alemayehu, Abera); and Jhpiego Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Yifru)., Tamene B; From the Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tafesse, Tamene, Chimdesa, Alemayehu, Abera); and Jhpiego Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Yifru)., Chimdesa Z; From the Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tafesse, Tamene, Chimdesa, Alemayehu, Abera); and Jhpiego Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Yifru)., Alemayehu E; From the Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tafesse, Tamene, Chimdesa, Alemayehu, Abera); and Jhpiego Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Yifru)., Abera B; From the Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tafesse, Tamene, Chimdesa, Alemayehu, Abera); and Jhpiego Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Yifru)., Yifru D; From the Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tafesse, Tamene, Chimdesa, Alemayehu, Abera); and Jhpiego Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Yifru)., Belachew FK; From the Network for Perioperative and Critical Care, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and the Division of Global Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Tirsit A; From the Surgery Department, Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tirsit); the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Deyassa); the School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Moen); the Center for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Sundstrøm); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (Lund-Johansen)., Deyassa N; From the Surgery Department, Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tirsit); the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Deyassa); the School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Moen); the Center for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Sundstrøm); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (Lund-Johansen)., Moen BE; From the Surgery Department, Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tirsit); the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Deyassa); the School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Moen); the Center for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Sundstrøm); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (Lund-Johansen)., Sundstrøm T; From the Surgery Department, Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tirsit); the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Deyassa); the School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Moen); the Center for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Sundstrøm); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (Lund-Johansen)., Lund-Johansen M; From the Surgery Department, Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Tirsit); the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Deyassa); the School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Moen); the Center for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Sundstrøm); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (Lund-Johansen)., Abebe M; From the departments of Neurosurgery (Abebe) and Pediatrics and Child Health (Mekasha), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Wilson Centre for Health Professions Education Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Khan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Soklaridis); Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Haji); and the Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Haji)., Khan R; From the departments of Neurosurgery (Abebe) and Pediatrics and Child Health (Mekasha), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Wilson Centre for Health Professions Education Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Khan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Soklaridis); Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Haji); and the Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Haji)., Mekasha A; From the departments of Neurosurgery (Abebe) and Pediatrics and Child Health (Mekasha), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Wilson Centre for Health Professions Education Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Khan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Soklaridis); Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Haji); and the Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Haji)., Soklaridis S; From the departments of Neurosurgery (Abebe) and Pediatrics and Child Health (Mekasha), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Wilson Centre for Health Professions Education Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Khan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Soklaridis); Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Haji); and the Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Haji)., Haji F; From the departments of Neurosurgery (Abebe) and Pediatrics and Child Health (Mekasha), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Wilson Centre for Health Professions Education Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Khan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Soklaridis); Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Haji); and the Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Haji)., Asingei J; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., O'Flynn EP; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., O'Donovan DT; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., Masuka SC; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., Mashava D; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., Akello FV; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., Ulisubisya MM; From the Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Asingei, O'Donovan); the Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (O'Flynn); the College of Anaesthesiologists of East, Central and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania (Masuka, Mashava, Ulisubisya); and the Association of Anesthesiologists of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda (Akello)., Franco H; From the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Franco, Joseph); the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (Njai); the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA (Simister); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Joseph); the University of Warwick, Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK (Joseph); the University of Notre Dame School of Medicine Haiti, Department of Orthopaedics, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Woolley)., Njai A; From the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Franco, Joseph); the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (Njai); the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA (Simister); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Joseph); the University of Warwick, Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK (Joseph); the University of Notre Dame School of Medicine Haiti, Department of Orthopaedics, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Woolley)., Simister S; From the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Franco, Joseph); the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (Njai); the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA (Simister); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Joseph); the University of Warwick, Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK (Joseph); the University of Notre Dame School of Medicine Haiti, Department of Orthopaedics, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Woolley)., Joseph M; From the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Franco, Joseph); the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (Njai); the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA (Simister); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Joseph); the University of Warwick, Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK (Joseph); the University of Notre Dame School of Medicine Haiti, Department of Orthopaedics, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Woolley)., Woolley P; From the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Franco, Joseph); the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (Njai); the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA (Simister); the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Joseph); the University of Warwick, Clinical Trials Unit, Coventry, UK (Joseph); the University of Notre Dame School of Medicine Haiti, Department of Orthopaedics, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Woolley)., James D; From the Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (James); the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Evans); the Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and ObGyn Anesthesia unit, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (Rai); and the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Roy)., Evans FM; From the Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (James); the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Evans); the Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and ObGyn Anesthesia unit, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (Rai); and the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Roy)., Rai E; From the Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (James); the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Evans); the Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and ObGyn Anesthesia unit, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (Rai); and the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Roy)., Roy N; From the Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (James); the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Evans); the Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and ObGyn Anesthesia unit, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India (Rai); and the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Roy)., Bansal V; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., Kamble J; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., Aroke A; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., David S; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., Veetil D; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., Soni KD; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., Wärnberg MG; From the Department of General Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India (Bansal); Doctors For You, India (Kamble, Aroke, David); the Department of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai, India (Kamble); the Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (David, Wärnberg); Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Gastrointestinal and Bariatric Surgery, Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Veetil); Critical & Intensive Care, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Soni); and Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (Wärnberg)., Zadey S; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Zadey); the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey, Nickenig Vissoci); and the Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA (Nickenig Vissoci)., Vissoci JRN; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Zadey); the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey, Nickenig Vissoci); and the Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA (Nickenig Vissoci)., Iyer H; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Iyer, Zadey); and the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey)., Zadey S; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Iyer, Zadey); and the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey)., Shetty R; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Shetty, Zadey, Jindal, Iyer); the Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Shetty); the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey); and King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (Jindal)., Zadey S; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Shetty, Zadey, Jindal, Iyer); the Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Shetty); the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey); and King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (Jindal)., Jindal A; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Shetty, Zadey, Jindal, Iyer); the Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Shetty); the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey); and King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (Jindal)., Iyer H; From the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India (Shetty, Zadey, Jindal, Iyer); the Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Shetty); the Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA (Zadey); and King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK (Jindal)., Ouma G; From the Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University School of Medicine, Moi, Kenya., Shah SSNH; From the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (Shah); the New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA (Hinchman); the National University of Ireland Galway School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland (Rayel); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); and the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding)., Hinchman C; From the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (Shah); the New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA (Hinchman); the National University of Ireland Galway School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland (Rayel); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); and the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding)., Rayel IM; From the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (Shah); the New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA (Hinchman); the National University of Ireland Galway School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland (Rayel); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); and the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding)., Dworkin M; From the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (Shah); the New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA (Hinchman); the National University of Ireland Galway School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland (Rayel); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); and the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding)., Agarwal-Harding KJ; From the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya (Shah); the New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA (Hinchman); the National University of Ireland Galway School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland (Rayel); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); and the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding)., Mlinde E; From the Department of Orthopedics, Nkhotakota District Hospital, Nkhotakota, Malawi (Mlinde); the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative (Amlani, May, Agarwal-Harding); the Department of Orthopedics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (Banza); the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Amlani LM; From the Department of Orthopedics, Nkhotakota District Hospital, Nkhotakota, Malawi (Mlinde); the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative (Amlani, May, Agarwal-Harding); the Department of Orthopedics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (Banza); the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., May CJ; From the Department of Orthopedics, Nkhotakota District Hospital, Nkhotakota, Malawi (Mlinde); the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative (Amlani, May, Agarwal-Harding); the Department of Orthopedics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (Banza); the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Banza LN; From the Department of Orthopedics, Nkhotakota District Hospital, Nkhotakota, Malawi (Mlinde); the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative (Amlani, May, Agarwal-Harding); the Department of Orthopedics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (Banza); the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Chokotho L; From the Department of Orthopedics, Nkhotakota District Hospital, Nkhotakota, Malawi (Mlinde); the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative (Amlani, May, Agarwal-Harding); the Department of Orthopedics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (Banza); the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Agarwal-Harding KJ; From the Department of Orthopedics, Nkhotakota District Hospital, Nkhotakota, Malawi (Mlinde); the Harvard Global Orthopaedics Collaborative (Amlani, May, Agarwal-Harding); the Department of Orthopedics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (Banza); the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Dworkin M; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Mbomuwa F; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Chidothi P; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Martin C Jr; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Harrison WJ; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Agarwal-Harding KJ; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Chokotho L; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, USA (Dworkin); the Beit CURE International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi); the AO Alliance Foundation, Blantyre, Malawi (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Agarwal-Harding); and the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi (Chokotho)., Paek S; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Amlani L; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Mbomuwa F; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Chidothi P; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Martin C Jr; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Harrison WJ; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Agarwal-Harding KJ; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Chokotho L; From the Harvard Global Orthopaedic Collaborative, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Paek, Amlani, Harrison, Agarwal-Harding); the AO Alliance Foundation (Mbomuwa, Chidothi, Martin Jr., Harrison, Chokotho); the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, USA (Harrison); and the Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi (Chokotho)., Adégné T; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Abdoulmouinou P; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Amadou T; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Youssouf T; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Madiassa K; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Younoussa DM; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Moussa S; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Amadou B; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Hawa T; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Laurent A; From the CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako Commune III, Bamako, Mali., Jesuyajolu DA; From the Surgery Department, First Graceland Hospitals, Abijo, Lagos (Jesuyajolu); the Surgery Department, EYN Primary Healthcare Center Mubi, Kwarhi, Hong, Adamawa State, Nigeria (Okeke); and Vascular Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (Obuh)., Okeke CA; From the Surgery Department, First Graceland Hospitals, Abijo, Lagos (Jesuyajolu); the Surgery Department, EYN Primary Healthcare Center Mubi, Kwarhi, Hong, Adamawa State, Nigeria (Okeke); and Vascular Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (Obuh)., Obuh O; From the Surgery Department, First Graceland Hospitals, Abijo, Lagos (Jesuyajolu); the Surgery Department, EYN Primary Healthcare Center Mubi, Kwarhi, Hong, Adamawa State, Nigeria (Okeke); and Vascular Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (Obuh)., Jesuyajolu DA; From the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria., Ehizibue PE; From the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria., Ikemefula NE; From the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria., Ekennia-Ebeh JO; From the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria., Ibraham AA; From the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria., Ikegwuonu OE; From the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria., Diehl TM; From the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (Diehl); the Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (Bunogerane, Ndibanje, Ntaganda); the Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Neal); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Petroze)., Bunogerane GJ; From the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (Diehl); the Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (Bunogerane, Ndibanje, Ntaganda); the Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Neal); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Petroze)., Neal D; From the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (Diehl); the Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (Bunogerane, Ndibanje, Ntaganda); the Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Neal); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Petroze)., Ndibanje AJ; From the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (Diehl); the Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (Bunogerane, Ndibanje, Ntaganda); the Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Neal); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Petroze)., Petroze RT; From the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (Diehl); the Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (Bunogerane, Ndibanje, Ntaganda); the Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Neal); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Petroze)., Ntaganda E; From the Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA (Diehl); the Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (Bunogerane, Ndibanje, Ntaganda); the Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Neal); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Petroze)., Milligan L; From the Division of Global Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Cairncross L; From the Division of Global Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Malherbe F; From the Division of Global Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Roodt L; From the Division of Global Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Kyengera DK; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Kyengera); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA (O'Hara); and the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Stockton)., O'Hara NN; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Kyengera); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA (O'Hara); and the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Stockton)., Stockton D; From the Department of Orthopaedics, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Kyengera); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA (O'Hara); and the Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Stockton)., Bedada A; From the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi); the Division of General Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, Canada (Hsiao); the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Yarranton); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Azzie); and the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi)., Hsiao M; From the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi); the Division of General Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, Canada (Hsiao); the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Yarranton); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Azzie); and the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi)., Chilisa U; From the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi); the Division of General Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, Canada (Hsiao); the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Yarranton); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Azzie); and the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi)., Yarranton B; From the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi); the Division of General Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, Canada (Hsiao); the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Yarranton); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Azzie); and the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi)., Chinyepi N; From the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi); the Division of General Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, Canada (Hsiao); the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Yarranton); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Azzie); and the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi)., Azzie G; From the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi); the Division of General Surgery, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, Canada (Hsiao); the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (Yarranton); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Azzie); and the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana (Bedada, Chilisa, Chinyepi)., Moon J; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Rehany Z; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Bakhshi M; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Bergeron A; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Boulanger N; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Watt L; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Wong EG; From the Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (Moon, Rehany, Bakhshi, Bergeron, Wong); the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Boulanger); and the Tulattavik Health Centre, Kuujjuaq, Canada (Watt)., Pawlak N; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Bierema C; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Ameh E; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Bekele A; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Jimenez MF; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Lakhoo K; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Roy N; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Sacato H; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Tefera G; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Ozgediz D; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Jayaraman S; From the Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (Pawlak); Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Department of Surgery, Richmond, USA (Bierema); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Ameh); the University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Surgery, Addis Ababa University Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Bekele); Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Department of Surgery, Bogotá, Colombia (Jimenez); Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, London, UK (Lakhoo); BARC Hospital, Department of Surgery, Mumbai, India (Roy); the Universidad del Azuay Facultad de Medicina, Cuenca, Ecuador (Sacato); the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Madison, USA (Tefera); the University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery, San Francisco, USA (Ozgediz); and the University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, USA (Jayaraman)., Peric I; From the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Institute of Global Surgery, Dublin, Ireland (Peric, O'Flynn); Kids Operating Room, Aberdeen, UK (Youngson); the West African College of Surgeons, Abuja, Nigeria (Ameh); and the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa, Blantyre, Malawi (Borgstein)., Youngson G; From the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Institute of Global Surgery, Dublin, Ireland (Peric, O'Flynn); Kids Operating Room, Aberdeen, UK (Youngson); the West African College of Surgeons, Abuja, Nigeria (Ameh); and the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa, Blantyre, Malawi (Borgstein)., Ameh E; From the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Institute of Global Surgery, Dublin, Ireland (Peric, O'Flynn); Kids Operating Room, Aberdeen, UK (Youngson); the West African College of Surgeons, Abuja, Nigeria (Ameh); and the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa, Blantyre, Malawi (Borgstein)., Borgstein E; From the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Institute of Global Surgery, Dublin, Ireland (Peric, O'Flynn); Kids Operating Room, Aberdeen, UK (Youngson); the West African College of Surgeons, Abuja, Nigeria (Ameh); and the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa, Blantyre, Malawi (Borgstein)., O'Flynn E; From the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Institute of Global Surgery, Dublin, Ireland (Peric, O'Flynn); Kids Operating Room, Aberdeen, UK (Youngson); the West African College of Surgeons, Abuja, Nigeria (Ameh); and the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa, Blantyre, Malawi (Borgstein)., Simoes J; From the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (CROCODILE study group, Simoes); and the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India (Kingsley)., Kingsley PA; From the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (CROCODILE study group, Simoes); and the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India (Kingsley)., Sasson L; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Dekel H; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Sternfeld AR; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Assa S; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Sarid RS; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Mnong'one NJ; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Sharau GG; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Mongella SM; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Caryl WG; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Goldman B; From the Departments of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology and Intensive Care, Sylvan Adams Children's Hospital and Save a Child's Heart International Pediatric Cardiac Care Center at the Wolfson Medical Center, affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel (Sasson, Dekel, Sternfeld, Assa, Sarid); the Departments of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Mnong'one, Sharau, Mongella); and the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Save a Child's Heart Canada, Toronto, Canada (Caryl, Goldman)., Bola R; From the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Canada (Bola, Lett); the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Ngonzi, Kihumuro); and the London South Bank University, London, UK (Ujoh)., Ngonzi J; From the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Canada (Bola, Lett); the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Ngonzi, Kihumuro); and the London South Bank University, London, UK (Ujoh)., Ujoh F; From the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Canada (Bola, Lett); the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Ngonzi, Kihumuro); and the London South Bank University, London, UK (Ujoh)., Kihumuro RB; From the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Canada (Bola, Lett); the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Ngonzi, Kihumuro); and the London South Bank University, London, UK (Ujoh)., Lett R; From the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Canada (Bola, Lett); the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda (Ngonzi, Kihumuro); and the London South Bank University, London, UK (Ujoh)., Torquato A; From the University of Vale do Rio Doce, Faculty of Medicine, Governador Valadares, Brazil (Torquato); Salvador University, Faculty of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil (Tavares); and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Lech)., Tavares C; From the University of Vale do Rio Doce, Faculty of Medicine, Governador Valadares, Brazil (Torquato); Salvador University, Faculty of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil (Tavares); and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Lech)., Lech G; From the University of Vale do Rio Doce, Faculty of Medicine, Governador Valadares, Brazil (Torquato); Salvador University, Faculty of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil (Tavares); and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil (Lech)., Džunic A; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Ujoh F; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Gusa V; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Apeaii R; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Noor R; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Bola R; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Guyan IO; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Christilaw J; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Hodgins S; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Lett R; From the School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Džunic, Hodgins); the Canadian Network for International Surgery, Vancouver, Canada (Ujoh, Bola, Guyan, Christilaw, Lett); the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Nigeria (Gusa); the School of Midwifery, Mkar, Nigeria (Apeaii); and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Noor)., Binda C; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Heo K; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Cheng S; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Foggin H; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Hu G; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Lam S; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Feng L; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Labinaz A; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Adams J; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Livergant R; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Williams S; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Vasanthakumaran T; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Lounes Y; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Mata J; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Hache P; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Schamberg-Bahadori C; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Monytuil A; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Mayom E; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Joharifard S; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Joos É; From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Binda, Heo, Cheng, Foggin, Labinaz, Mata, Joharifard, Joos); the Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Hu, Lam, Feng, Adams); the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Livergant); the Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Williams); the Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA (Vasanthakumaran); the Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Lounes, Joos); the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Hache); the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Main-Klinik Ochsenfurt Teaching Hospital, Ochsenfurt, Germany (Schamberg-Bahadori); the Aweil State Hospital, Aweil, South Sudan (Monytuil, Mayom); and the BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Paterson A; From the Global Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Paterson, Maswime, Biccard); the Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Paterson); the Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Hardy); the Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (Pearse); and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Biccard)., Maswime S; From the Global Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Paterson, Maswime, Biccard); the Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Paterson); the Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Hardy); the Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (Pearse); and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Biccard)., Hardy A; From the Global Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Paterson, Maswime, Biccard); the Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Paterson); the Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Hardy); the Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (Pearse); and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Biccard)., Pearse RM; From the Global Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Paterson, Maswime, Biccard); the Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Paterson); the Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Hardy); the Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (Pearse); and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Biccard)., Biccard BM; From the Global Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Paterson, Maswime, Biccard); the Global Surgery Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Paterson); the Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Hardy); the Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (Pearse); and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Biccard)., Salehi M; From the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Salehi, Joos); the School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Zivkovic); the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Jatana); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Zivkovic I; From the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Salehi, Joos); the School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Zivkovic); the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Jatana); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Jatana S; From the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Salehi, Joos); the School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Zivkovic); the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Jatana); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Joharifard S; From the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Salehi, Joos); the School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Zivkovic); the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Jatana); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Joos É; From the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Salehi, Joos); the School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Zivkovic); the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Jatana); and the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (Joharifard)., Flores MJ; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Brown KE; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Roberts HJ; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Donnelley CA; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., von Kaeppler EP; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Eliezer E; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Haonga B; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Morshed S; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga)., Shearer DW; From the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Flores, Brown, Roberts, Donnelley, von Kaeppler, Morshed, Shearer); and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Eliezer, Haonga).

Publikováno v: Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie [Can J Surg] 2022 Aug 12; Vol. 65 (4 Suppl 1), pp. S1-S18. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Aug 12 (Print Publication: 2022).