Asthma control in elderly asthmatics. An Italian observational study

Autor: Milanese, M, Di Marco, F, Corsico, Ag, Rolla, Giovanni, Sposato, B, Chieco Bianchi, F, Costantino, Mt, Crivellaro, Ma, Guarnieri, G, Scichilone, N, ELSA Study Group

SummaryBackgroundThe exponential increase of individuals aged >64 yrs is expected to impact the burden of asthma. We aimed to explore the level of asthma control in elderly subjects, and factors influencing it.MethodsA multicenter observational study

Externí odkaz: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::9f76bb374549c9c38542dee53e224d1e
http://hdl.handle.net/2318/158376

Shadow cost of oral corticosteroids-related adverse events: A pharmacoeconomic evaluation applied to real-life data from the Severe Asthma Network in Italy (SANI) registry

Autor: Giorgio Walter Canonica, Giorgio Lorenzo Colombo, Giacomo Matteo Bruno, Sergio Di Matteo, Chiara Martinotti, Francesco Blasi, Caterina Bucca, Nunzio Crimi, Pierluigi Paggiaro, Girolamo Pelaia, Giovanni Passalaqua, Gianenrico Senna, Enrico Heffler, Aliberti Stefano, Bagnasco Diego, Barbuto Sarah, Camiciottoli Gianna, Caminati Marco, Colombo Giselda, Costantino Maria Teresa, Crimi Claudia, Crivellaro Mariangiola, D'Amato Mariella, Favero Elisabetta, Foschino Maria Pia, Guarnieri Gabriella, Latorre Manuela, Lombardi Carlo, Francesco Menzella, Patella Vincenzo, Puggioni Francesca, Ridolo Erminia, Rolla Giovanni, Savi Eleonora, Scichilone Nicola, Solidoro Paolo, Spadaro Giuseppe, Triggiani Massimo

Publikováno v: World Allergy Organization Journal, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp - (2019)

Background: Asthma is one of the most common non-communicable respiratory diseases, affecting about 6% of the general population. Severe asthma, even if afflicts a minority of asthmatics, drives the majority of costs of the disease. The aim of this s

Externí odkaz: https://doaj.org/article/a6dde03ecd4b4754adf7a2a8a3341d60

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Mild/Moderate Asthma Network in Italy (MANI): a long-term observational study.

Autor: Braido F; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy., Blasi F; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy., Canonica GW; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Paggiaro P; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy., Beghè B; Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Polyclinic of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Bonini M; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Carpagnano GE; Respiratory Medicine Section, Policlinico of Bari, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy., Del Giacco S; Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy., Lavorini F; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy., Milanese M; Pulmonology Unit, ASL2 Savonese, Pietra Ligure, Savona, Italy., Patella V; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 'Santa Maria della Speranza' Hospital, Salerno, Italy.; Postprogram in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy., Santus P; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco' - Division of Respiratory Diseases, University of Milan, Sacco University Hospital, Milano, Italy., Contoli M; Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy., Allegrini C; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Polyclinic of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Baiardini I; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy., Bonzano L; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Caiaffa MF; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; Respiratory Medicine Section, Policlinico of Bari, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy., Castelnuovo P; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy., Corsico AG; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy., Cosmi L; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy., Costantino MT; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Cottini M; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Crimi N; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.; Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Polyclinic of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Crivellaro MA; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.; Respiratory Medicine Section, Policlinico of Bari, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy., D'Alò S; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy., Folletti I; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy., Fornari D; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy., Foschino-Barbaro MP; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Franceschini L; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Gargano D; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy., Oliani KL; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Polyclinic of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Maniscalco M; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Melissari L; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy., Montagni M; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; Respiratory Medicine Section, Policlinico of Bari, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy., Montuschi P; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Murgia N; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Pannofino A; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Papi A; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Parente R; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy., Pelaia G; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Pini L; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy., Puggioni F; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Polyclinic of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Pulerà N; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Resta O; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; Respiratory Medicine Section, Policlinico of Bari, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy., Ricciardi L; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Ridolo E; Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Savi E; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Savoia F; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Scala G; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Senna G; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy., Tripodi S; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy., Vatrella A; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.; Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Polyclinic of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Ventura MT; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Viviano VM; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.; Respiratory Medicine Section, Policlinico of Bari, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy., Yacoub MR; Department of Surgery, Medicine, Molecular Biology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Publikováno v: The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma [J Asthma] 2022 Sep; Vol. 59 (9), pp. 1908-1913. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Sep 01.

Effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and associated comorbidities: a multicentric prospective study in real life.

Autor: Nettis E; Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Di Bari, Bari, Italy., Brussino L; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Achille Mario Dogliotti, 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.; S.S.D.D.U. Allergologia E Immunologia Clinica, AO Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I, 10128, Turin, Italy., Patella V; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine ASL Salerno, Santa Maria Della Speranza Hospital, Salerno, Italy., Bonzano L; Dermatology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. laurabonzano83@gmail.com., Detoraki A; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Clinical Pathology and Infectious Disease, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Napoli, Italy., Di Leo E; Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Unit of Internal Medicine, 'F. Miulli' Hospital, Strada Provinciale per Santeramo Km 4.100, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy., Sirufo MM; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy., Caruso C; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., Lodi Rizzini F; Facoltà Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Studi Brescia, SSVD Allergologia - Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy., Conte M; Struttura Dipartimentale di Immunologia ed Allergologia Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, Presidio Ospedaliero di Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy., Yacoub MR; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy., Triggiani M; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy., Ridolo E; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy., Macchia L; Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Di Bari, Bari, Italy., Rolla G; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università Di Torino, Turin, Italy., Brancaccio R; Dermatology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy., De Paulis A; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Clinical Pathology and Infectious Disease, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Napoli, Italy., Spadaro G; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Clinical Pathology and Infectious Disease, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Napoli, Italy., Di Bona D; Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Di Bari, Bari, Italy., D'Uggento AM; Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari, Bari, Italy., Ginaldi L; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04, 64100, Teramo, Italy., Gaeta F; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., Nucera E; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., Jaubashi K; Facoltà Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Studi Brescia, SSVD Allergologia - Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy., Villalta D; Struttura Dipartimentale di Immunologia ed Allergologia Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, Presidio Ospedaliero di Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy., Dagna L; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy., Ciotta D; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy., Pucciarini F; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy., Bagnasco D; Clinica Delle Malattie Respiratorie e Allergologia Dipartimento di Medicina Interna (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy., Celi G; UO Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, ASST Mantova, Mantova, Italy., Chieco Bianchi F; UOC di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy., Cosmi L; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy., Costantino MT; UO Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, ASST Mantova, Mantova, Italy., Crivellaro MA; Occupational Health Unit and AllergologyPadova University Hospital, Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy., D'Alò S; UOC Allergologia, Ospedale di Civitanova Marche, ASUR Marche Area Vasta 3, Civitanova Marche, Italy., Del Biondo P; Scuola di Specializzazione in Allergologia ed Immunologia Clinica, Università Degli Studi 'Gabriele d'Annunzio' di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy., Del Giacco S; Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica - Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi Di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy., Di Gioacchino M; Center of Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.; YdA - Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Pescara, Italy., Di Pietro L; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy., Favero E; Centro Allergologico e Malattie Rare, Dipartimento di Medicina Ospedale Ca' Foncello, Treviso, Italy., Gangemi S; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98124, Messina, Italy., Guarnieri G; Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy., Heffler E; Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy., Leto Barone MS; UF Riabilitazione Respiratoria, Casa di Cure Villa Serena, Palermo, Italy., Lombardo C; Allergy Unit, Villa Igea Hospital. A.P.S.S. Trento, Trento, Italy., Losa F; UO Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, ASST Mantova, Mantova, Italy., Matucci A; Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy., Minciullo PL; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98124, Messina, Italy., Parronchi P; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy.; Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy., Passalacqua G; Clinica Delle Malattie Respiratorie e Allergologia Dipartimento di Medicina Interna (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy., Pucci S; UOC Allergologia, Ospedale di Civitanova Marche, ASUR Marche Area Vasta 3, Civitanova Marche, Italy., Rossi O; Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy., Salvati L; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy., Schiappoli M; UOC Allergologia E Asma Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy., Senna G; UOC Allergologia E Asma Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy., Vianello A; Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy., Vultaggio A; Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy., Baoran Y; UO Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, ASST Mantova, Mantova, Italy., Incorvaia C; Private Practice, Milan, Italy., Canonica GW; Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.

Publikováno v: Clinical and molecular allergy : CMA [Clin Mol Allergy] 2022 May 19; Vol. 20 (1), pp. 6. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 May 19.