Male age is associated with extra-pair paternity, but not with extra-pair mating behaviour

Autor: Girndt, A, Chng, CWT, Burke, T, Schroeder, J

Extra-pair paternity is the result of copulation between a female and a male other than her social partner. In socially monogamous birds, old males are most likely to sire extra-pair offspring. The male manipulation and female choice hypotheses predi

Externí odkaz: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=od______1032::177ed45e4c94085b18b85819728f7346
http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/64407

The database of the Predicts (Projecting responses of ecological diversity in changing terrestrial systems) project

Autor: Hudson, LN, Newbold, T, Contu, S, Hill, SLL, Lysenko, I, De Palma, A, Phillips, HRP, Alhusseini, TI, Bedford, FE, Bennett, DJ, Booth, H, Burton, VJ, Chng, CWT, Choimes, A, Correia, DLP, Day, J, Echeverría-Londoño, S, Emerson, SR, Gao, D, Garon, M, Harrison, MLK, Ingram, DJ, Jung, M, Kemp, V, Kirkpatrick, L, Martin, CD, Pan, Y, Pask-Hale, GD, Pynegar, EL, Robinson, AN, Sanchez-Ortiz, K, Senior, RA, Simmons, BI, White, HJ, Zhang, H, Aben, J, Abrahamczyk, S, Adum, GB, Aguilar-Barquero, V, Aizen, MA, Albertos, B, Alcala, EL, del Mar Alguacil, M, Alignier, A, Ancrenaz, M, Andersen, AN, Arbeláez-Cortés, E, Armbrecht, I, Arroyo-Rodríguez, V, Aumann, T, Axmacher, JC, Azhar, B, Azpiroz, AB, Baeten, L, Bakayoko, A, Báldi, A, Banks, JE, Baral, SK, Barlow, J, Barratt, BIP, Barrico, L, Bartolommei, P, Barton, DM, Basset, Y, Batáry, P, Bates, AJ, Baur, B, Bayne, EM, Beja, P, Benedick, S, Berg, Å, Bernard, H, Berry, NJ, Bhatt, D, Bicknell, JE, Bihn, JH, Blake, RJ, Bobo, KS, Bóçon, R, Boekhout, T, Böhning-Gaese, K, Bonham, KJ, Borges, PAV, Borges, SH, Boutin, C, Bouyer, J, Bragagnolo, C, Brandt, JS, Brearley, FQ, Brito, I, Bros, V, Brunet, J, Buczkowski, G, Buddle, CM, Bugter, R, Buscardo, E, Buse, J, Cabra-García, J, Cáceres, NC, Cagle, NL, Calviño-Cancela, M, Cameron, SA, Cancello, EM, Caparrós, R, Cardoso, P, Carpenter, D, Carrijo, TF, Carvalho, AL, Cassano, CR, Castro, H, Castro-Luna, AA, Rolando, CB, Cerezo, A, Chapman, KA, Chauvat, M, Christensen, M, Clarke, FM, Cleary, DFR, Colombo, G, Connop, SP, Craig, MD, Cruz-López, L, Cunningham, SA, D'Aniello, B, D'Cruze, N, da Silva, PG, Dallimer, M, Danquah, E, Darvill, B, Dauber, J, Davis, ALV, Dawson, J, de Sassi, C, de Thoisy, B, Deheuvels, O, Dejean, A, Devineau, J-L, Diekötter, T, Dolia, JV, Domínguez, E, Dominguez-Haydar, Y, Dorn, S, Draper, I, Dreber, N, Dumont, B, Dures, SG, Dynesius, M, Edenius, L, Eggleton, P, Eigenbrod, F, Elek, Z, Entling, MH, Esler, KJ, de Lima, RF, Faruk, A, Farwig, N, Fayle, TM, Felicioli, A, Felton, AM, Fensham, RJ, Fernandez, IC, Ferreira, CC, Ficetola, GF, Fiera, C, Filgueiras, BKC, Fırıncıoğlu, HK, Flaspohler, D, Floren, A, Fonte, SJ, Fournier, A, Fowler, RE, Franzén, M, Fraser, LH, Fredriksson, GM, Freire, GB, Frizzo, TLM, Fukuda, D, Furlani, D, Gaigher, R, Ganzhorn, JU, García, KP, Garcia-R, JC, Garden, JG, Garilleti, R, Ge, B-M, Gendreau-Berthiaume, B, Gerard, PJ, Gheler-Costa, C, Gilbert, B, Giordani, P, Giordano, S, Golodets, C, Gomes, LGL, Gould, RK, Goulson, D, Gove, AD, Granjon, L, Grass, I, Gray, CL, Grogan, J, Gu, W, Guardiola, M, Gunawardene, NR, Gutierrez, AG, Gutiérrez-Lamus, DL, Haarmeyer, DH, Hanley, ME, Hanson, T, Hashim, NR, Hassan, SN, Hatfield, RG, Hawes, JE, Hayward, MW, Hébert, C, Helden, AJ, Henden, J-A, Henschel, P, Hernández, L, Herrera, JP, Herrmann, F, Herzog, F, Higuera-Diaz, D, Hilje, B, Höfer, H, Hoffmann, A, Horgan, FG, Hornung, E, Horváth, R, Hylander, K, Isaacs-Cubides, P, Ishida, H, Ishitani, M, Jacobs, CT, Jaramillo, VJ, Jauker, B, Hernández, FJ, Johnson, MF, Jolli, V, Jonsell, M, Juliani, SN, Jung, TS, Kapoor, V, Kappes, H, Kati, V, Katovai, E, Kellner, K, Kessler, M, Kirby, KR, Kittle, AM, Knight, ME, Knop, E, Kohler, F, Koivula, M, Kolb, A, Kone, M, Kőrösi, Á, Krauss, J, Kumar, A, Kumar, R, Kurz, DJ, Kutt, AS, Lachat, T, Lantschner, V, Lara, F, Lasky, JR, Latta, SC, Laurance, WF, Lavelle, P, Le Féon, V, LeBuhn, G, Légaré, J-P, Lehouck, V, Lencinas, MV, Lentini, PE, Letcher, SG, Li, Q, Litchwark, SA, Littlewood, NA, Liu, Y, Lo-Man-Hung, N, López-Quintero, CA, Louhaichi, M, Lövei, GL, Lucas-Borja, ME, Luja, VH, Luskin, MS, MacSwiney G, MC, Maeto, K, Magura, T, Mallari, NA, Malone, LA, Malonza, PK, Malumbres-Olarte, J, Mandujano, S, Måren, IE, Marin-Spiotta, E, Marsh, CJ, Marshall, EJP, Martínez, E, Martínez Pastur, G, Moreno Mateos, D, Mayfield, MM, Mazimpaka, V, McCarthy, JL, McCarthy, KP, McFrederick, QS, McNamara, S, Medina, NG, Medina, R, Mena, JL, Mico, E, Mikusinski, G, Milder, JC, Miller, JR, Miranda-Esquivel, DR, Moir, ML, Morales, CL, Muchane, MN, Muchane, M, Mudri-Stojnic, S, Munira, AN, Muoñz-Alonso, A, Munyekenye, BF, Naidoo, R, Naithani, A, Nakagawa, M, Nakamura, A, Nakashima, Y, Naoe, S, Nates-Parra, G, Navarrete Gutierrez, DA, Navarro-Iriarte, L, Ndang'ang'a, PK, Neuschulz, EL, Ngai, JT, Nicolas, V, Nilsson, SG, Noreika, N, Norfolk, O, Noriega, JA, Norton, DA, Nöske, NM, Nowakowski, AJ, Numa, C, O'Dea, N, O'Farrell, PJ, Oduro, W, Oertli, S, Ofori-Boateng, C, Oke, CO, Oostra, V, Osgathorpe, LM, Otavo, SE, Page, NV, Paritsis, J, Parra-H, A, Parry, L, Pe'er, G, Pearman, PB, Pelegrin, N, Pélissier, R, Peres, CA, Peri, PL, Persson, AS, Petanidou, T, Peters, MK, Pethiyagoda, RS, Phalan, B, Philips, TK, Pillsbury, FC, Pincheira-Ulbrich, J, Pineda, E, Pino, J, Pizarro-Araya, J, Plumptre, AJ, Poggio, SL, Politi, N, Pons, P, Poveda, K, Power, EF, Presley, SJ, Proença, V, Quaranta, M, Quintero, C, Rader, R, Ramesh, BR, Ramirez-Pinilla, MP, Ranganathan, J, Rasmussen, C, Redpath-Downing, NA, Reid, JL, Reis, YT, Rey Benayas, JM, Rey-Velasco, JC, Reynolds, C, Ribeiro, DB, Richards, MH, Richardson, BA, Richardson, MJ, Ríos, RM, Robinson, R, Robles, CA, Römbke, J, Romero-Duque, LP, Rös, M, Rosselli, L, Rossiter, SJ, Roth, DS, Roulston, TH, Rousseau, L, Rubio, AV, Ruel, J-C, Sadler, JP, Sáfián, S, Saldaña-Vázquez, RA, Sam, K, Samnegård, U, Santana, J, Santos, X, Savage, J, Schellhorn, NA, Schilthuizen, M, Schmiedel, U, Schmitt, CB, Schon, NL, Schüepp, C, Schumann, K, Schweiger, O, Scott, DM, Scott, KA, Sedlock, JL, Seefeldt, SS, Shahabuddin, G, Shannon, G, Sheil, D, Sheldon, FH, Shochat, E, Siebert, SJ, Silva, FAB, Simonetti, JA, Slade, EM, Smith, J, Smith-Pardo, AH, Sodhi, NS, Somarriba, EJ, Sosa, RA, Soto Quiroga, G, St-Laurent, M-H, Starzomski, BM, Stefanescu, C, Steffan-Dewenter, I, Stouffer, PC, Stout, JC, Strauch, AM, Struebig, MJ, Su, Z, Suarez-Rubio, M, Sugiura, S, Summerville, KS, Sung, Y-H, Sutrisno, H, Svenning, J-C, Teder, T, Threlfall, CG, Tiitsaar, A, Todd, JH, Tonietto, RK, Torre, I, Tóthmérész, B, Tscharntke, T, Turner, EC, Tylianakis, JM, Uehara-Prado, M, Urbina-Cardona, N, Vallan, D, Vanbergen, AJ, Vasconcelos, HL, Vassilev, K, Verboven, HAF, Verdasca, MJ, Verdú, JR, Vergara, CH, Vergara, PM, Verhulst, J, Virgilio, M, Vu, LV, Waite, EM, Walker, TR, Wang, H-F, Wang, Y, Watling, JI, Weller, B, Wells, K, Westphal, C, Wiafe, ED, Williams, CD, Willig, MR, Woinarski, JCZ, Wolf, JHD, Wolters, V, Woodcock, BA, Wu, J, Wunderle, JM, Yamaura, Y, Yoshikura, S, Yu, DW, Zaitsev, AS, Zeidler, J, Zou, F, Collen, B, Ewers, RM, Mace, GM, Purves, DW, Scharlemann, JPW, Purvis, A

Publikováno v: Ecology and Evolution
Ecology and Evolution, Wiley Open Access, 2017, 7 (1), pp.145-188. ⟨10.1002/ece3.2579⟩
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
Ecology and Evolution, 2017, 7 (1), pp.145-188. ⟨10.1002/ece3.2579⟩
Ecology and Evolution, 7(1), 145-188. John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Ecology and Evolution 1 (7), 145-188. (2017)
Repositorio Institucional de la Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid
Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid
Hudson, L N, Newbold, T, Contu, S, Hill, S L L, Lysenko, I, De Palma, A, Phillips, H R P, Alhusseini, T I, Bedford, F E, Bennett, D J, Booth, H, Burton, V J, Chng, C W T, Choimes, A, Correia, D L P, Day, J, Echeverría-Londoño, S, Emerson, S R, Gao, D, Garon, M, Harrison, M L K, Ingram, D J, Jung, M, Kemp, V, Kirkpatrick, L, Martin, C D, Pan, Y, Pask-Hale, G D, Pynegar, E L, Robinson, A N, Sanchez-Ortiz, K, Senior, R A, Simmons, B I, White, H J, Zhang, H, Aben, J, Abrahamczyk, S, Adum, G B, Aguilar-Barquero, V, Aizen, M A, Albertos, B, Alcala, E L, Del Mar Alguacil, M, Alignier, A, Ancrenaz, M, Andersen, A N, Arbeláez-Cortés, E, Armbrecht, I, Arroyo-Rodríguez, V, Aumann, T, Axmacher, J C, Azhar, B, Azpiroz, A B, Baeten, L, Bakayoko, A, Báldi, A, Banks, J E, Baral, S K, Barlow, J, Barratt, B I P, Barrico, L, Bartolommei, P, Barton, D M, Basset, Y, Batáry, P, Bates, A J, Baur, B, Bayne, E M, Beja, P, Benedick, S, Berg, Å, Bernard, H, Berry, N J, Bhatt, D, Bicknell, J E, Bihn, J H, Blake, R J, Bobo, K S, Bóçon, R, Boekhout, T, Böhning-Gaese, K, Bonham, K J, Borges, P A V, Borges, S H, Boutin, C, Bouyer, J, Bragagnolo, C, Brandt, J S, Brearley, F Q, Brito, I, Bros, V, Brunet, J, Buczkowski, G, Buddle, C M, Bugter, R, Buscardo, E, Buse, J, Cabra-García, J, Cáceres, N C, Cagle, N L, Calviño-Cancela, M, Cameron, S A, Cancello, E M, Caparrós, R, Cardoso, P, Carpenter, D, Carrijo, T F, Carvalho, A L, Cassano, C R, Castro, H, Castro-Luna, A A, Rolando, C B, Cerezo, A, Chapman, K A, Chauvat, M, Christensen, M, Clarke, F M, Cleary, D F R, Colombo, G, Connop, S P, Craig, M D, Cruz-López, L, Cunningham, S A, D'Aniello, B, D'Cruze, N, da Silva, P G, Dallimer, M, Danquah, E, Darvill, B, Dauber, J, Davis, A L V, Dawson, J, de Sassi, C, de Thoisy, B, Deheuvels, O, Dejean, A, Devineau, J-L, Diekötter, T, Dolia, J V, Domínguez, E, Dominguez-Haydar, Y, Dorn, S, Draper, I, Dreber, N, Dumont, B, Dures, S G, Dynesius, M, Edenius, L, Eggleton, P, Eigenbrod, F, Elek, Z, Entling, M H, Esler, K J, de Lima, R F, Faruk, A, Farwig, N, Fayle, T M, Felicioli, A, Felton, A M, Fensham, R J, Fernandez, I C, Ferreira, C C, Ficetola, G F, Fiera, C, Filgueiras, B K C, Fırıncıoğlu, H K, Flaspohler, D, Floren, A, Fonte, S J, Fournier, A, Fowler, R E, Franzén, M, Fraser, L H, Fredriksson, G M, Freire, G B, Frizzo, T L M, Fukuda, D, Furlani, D, Gaigher, R, Ganzhorn, J U, García, K P, Garcia-R, J C, Garden, J G, Garilleti, R, Ge, B-M, Gendreau-Berthiaume, B, Gerard, P J, Gheler-Costa, C, Gilbert, B, Giordani, P, Giordano, S, Golodets, C, Gomes, L G L, Gould, R K, Goulson, D, Gove, A D, Granjon, L, Grass, I, Gray, C L, Grogan, J, Gu, W, Guardiola, M, Gunawardene, N R, Gutierrez, A G, Gutiérrez-Lamus, D L, Haarmeyer, D H, Hanley, M E, Hanson, T, Hashim, N R, Hassan, S N, Hatfield, R G, Hawes, J E, Hayward, M W, Hébert, C, Helden, A J, Henden, J-A, Henschel, P, Hernández, L, Herrera, J P, Herrmann, F, Herzog, F, Higuera-Diaz, D, Hilje, B, Höfer, H, Hoffmann, A, Horgan, F G, Hornung, E, Horváth, R, Hylander, K, Isaacs-Cubides, P, Ishida, H, Ishitani, M, Jacobs, C T, Jaramillo, V J, Jauker, B, Hernández, F J, Johnson, M F, Jolli, V, Jonsell, M, Juliani, S N, Jung, T S, Kapoor, V, Kappes, H, Kati, V, Katovai, E, Kellner, K, Kessler, M, Kirby, K R, Kittle, A M, Knight, M E, Knop, E, Kohler, F, Koivula, M, Kolb, A, Kone, M, Kőrösi, Á, Krauss, J, Kumar, A, Kumar, R, Kurz, D J, Kutt, A S, Lachat, T, Lantschner, V, Lara, F, Lasky, J R, Latta, S C, Laurance, W F, Lavelle, P, Le Féon, V, LeBuhn, G, Légaré, J-P, Lehouck, V, Lencinas, M V, Lentini, P E, Letcher, S G, Li, Q, Litchwark, S A, Littlewood, N A, Liu, Y, Lo-Man-Hung, N, López-Quintero, C A, Louhaichi, M, Lövei, G L, Lucas-Borja, M E, Luja, V H, Luskin, M S, MacSwiney G, M C, Maeto, K, Magura, T, Mallari, N A, Malone, L A, Malonza, P K, Malumbres Olarte, J, Mandujano, S, Måren, I E, Marin-Spiotta, E, Marsh, C J, Marshall, E J P, Martínez, E, Martínez Pastur, G, Moreno Mateos, D, Mayfield, M M, Mazimpaka, V, McCarthy, J L, McCarthy, K P, McFrederick, Q S, McNamara, S, Medina, N G, Medina, R, Mena, J L, Mico, E, Mikusinski, G, Milder, J C, Miller, J R, Miranda-Esquivel, D R, Moir, M L, Morales, C L, Muchane, M N, Muchane, M, Mudri-Stojnic, S, Munira, A N, Muoñz-Alonso, A, Munyekenye, B F, Naidoo, R, Naithani, A, Nakagawa, M, Nakamura, A, Nakashima, Y, Naoe, S, Nates-Parra, G, Navarrete Gutierrez, D A, Navarro-Iriarte, L, Ndang'ang'a, P K, Neuschulz, E L, Ngai, J T, Nicolas, V, Nilsson, S G, Noreika, N, Norfolk, O, Noriega, J A, Norton, D A, Nöske, N M, Nowakowski, A J, Numa, C, O'Dea, N, O'Farrell, P J, Oduro, W, Oertli, S, Ofori-Boateng, C, Oke, C O, Oostra, V, Osgathorpe, L M, Otavo, S E, Page, N V, Paritsis, J, Parra-H, A, Parry, L, Pe'er, G, Pearman, P B, Pelegrin, N, Pélissier, R, Peres, C A, Peri, P L, Persson, A S, Petanidou, T, Peters, M K, Pethiyagoda, R S, Phalan, B, Philips, T K, Pillsbury, F C, Pincheira-Ulbrich, J, Pineda, E, Pino, J, Pizarro-Araya, J, Plumptre, A J, Poggio, S L, Politi, N, Pons, P, Poveda, K, Power, E F, Presley, S J, Proença, V, Quaranta, M, Quintero, C, Rader, R, Ramesh, B R, Ramirez-Pinilla, M P, Ranganathan, J, Rasmussen, C, Redpath-Downing, N A, Reid, J L, Reis, Y T, Rey Benayas, J M, Rey-Velasco, J C, Reynolds, C, Ribeiro, D B, Richards, M H, Richardson, B A, Richardson, M J, Ríos, R M, Robinson, R, Robles, C A, Römbke, J, Romero-Duque, L P, Rös, M, Rosselli, L, Rossiter, S J, Roth, D S, Roulston, T H, Rousseau, L, Rubio, A V, Ruel, J-C, Sadler, J P, Sáfián, S, Saldaña-Vázquez, R A, Sam, K, Samnegård, U, Santana, J, Santos, X, Savage, J, Schellhorn, N A, Schilthuizen, M, Schmiedel, U, Schmitt, C B, Schon, N L, Schüepp, C, Schumann, K, Schweiger, O, Scott, D M, Scott, K A, Sedlock, J L, Seefeldt, S S, Shahabuddin, G, Shannon, G, Sheil, D, Sheldon, F H, Shochat, E, Siebert, S J, Silva, F A B, Simonetti, J A, Slade, E M, Smith, J, Smith-Pardo, A H, Sodhi, N S, Somarriba, E J, Sosa, R A, Soto Quiroga, G, St-Laurent, M-H, Starzomski, B M, Stefanescu, C, Steffan-Dewenter, I, Stouffer, P C, Stout, J C, Strauch, A M, Struebig, M J, Su, Z, Suarez-Rubio, M, Sugiura, S, Summerville, K S, Sung, Y-H, Sutrisno, H, Svenning, J-C, Teder, T, Threlfall, C G, Tiitsaar, A, Todd, J H, Tonietto, R K, Torre, I, Tóthmérész, B, Tscharntke, T, Turner, E C, Tylianakis, J M, Uehara-Prado, M, Urbina-Cardona, N, Vallan, D, Vanbergen, A J, Vasconcelos, H L, Vassilev, K, Verboven, H A F, Verdasca, M J, Verdú, J R, Vergara, C H, Vergara, P M, Verhulst, J, Virgilio, M, Vu, L V, Waite, E M, Walker, T R, Wang, H-F, Wang, Y, Watling, J I, Weller, B, Wells, K, Westphal, C, Wiafe, E D, Williams, C D, Willig, M R, Woinarski, J C Z, Wolf, J H D, Wolters, V, Woodcock, B A, Wu, J, Wunderle, J M, Yamaura, Y, Yoshikura, S, Yu, D W, Zaitsev, A S, Zeidler, J, Zou, F, Collen, B, Ewers, R M, Mace, G M, Purves, D W, Scharlemann, J P W & Purvis, A 2017, ' The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project ', Ecology and Evolution, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 145-188 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2579
Ecology and evolution
Ecology and Evolution, Wiley Open Access, 2017, 7 (1), pp.145-188. 〈10.1002/ece3.2579〉

Source at https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2579. The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database o

Externí odkaz: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=pmid_dedup__::0fc820544288e5fe67ff207f0dfb1d32
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608816

The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project

Autor: Hudson, LN, Newbold, T, Contu, S, Hill, SLL, Lysenko, I, De Palma, A, Phillips, HRP, Alhusseini, TI, Bedford, FE, Bennett, DJ, Booth, H, Burton, VJ, Chng, CWT, Choimes, A, Correia, DLP, Day, J, Echeverría-Londoño, S, Emerson, SR, Gao, D, Garon, M, Harrison, MLK, Ingram, DJ, Jung, M, Kemp, V, Kirkpatrick, L, Martin, CD, Pan, Y, Pask-Hale, GD, Pynegar, EL, Robinson, AN, Sanchez-Ortiz, K, Senior, RA, Simmons, BI, White, HJ, Zhang, H, Aben, J, Abrahamczyk, S, Adum, GB, Aguilar-Barquero, V, Aizen, MA, Albertos, B, Alcala, EL, del Mar Alguacil, M, Alignier, A, Ancrenaz, M, Andersen, AN, Arbeláez-Cortés, E, Armbrecht, I, Arroyo-Rodríguez, V, Aumann, T, Axmacher, JC, Azhar, B, Azpiroz, AB, Baeten, L, Bakayoko, A, Báldi, A, Banks, JE, Baral, SK, Barlow, J, Barratt, BIP, Barrico, L, Bartolommei, P, Barton, DM, Basset, Y, Batáry, P, Bates, AJ, Baur, B, Bayne, EM, Beja, P, Benedick, S, Berg, Å, Bernard, H, Berry, NJ, Bhatt, D, Bicknell, JE, Bihn, JH, Blake, RJ, Bobo, KS, Bóçon, R, Williams, CD

The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multipl

Externí odkaz: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=core_ac_uk__::28d09c800e6c6866c901727a102fc88a
https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/5222/1/Hudson_et_al-2017-Ecology_and_Evolution.pdf