The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance.

Autor: Tegally H; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., San JE; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Cotten M; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK., Moir M; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Tegomoh B; The Biotechnology Centre of the University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.; CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE, USA., Mboowa G; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Martin DP; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Baxter C; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa., Lambisia AW; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Diallo A; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Amoako DG; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.; School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa., Diagne MM; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Sisay A; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Zekri AN; Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt., Gueye AS; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Sangare AK; Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux-Mali (CICM-Mali), Bamako, Mali., Ouedraogo AS; Bacteriology and Virology Department Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso., Sow A; West African Health Organisation, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso., Musa AO; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kassala University, Kassala City, Sudan.; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan.; General Administration of Laboratories and Blood Banks, Ministry of Health, Kassala State, Sudan., Sesay AK; MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, Gambia., Abias AG; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan., Elzagheid AI; Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya., Lagare A; Center for Medical and Sanitary Research (CERMES), Niamey, Niger., Kemi AS; The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria., Abar AE; Laboratoire de la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti., Johnson AA; Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., Fowotade A; Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., Oluwapelumi AO; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.; The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK., Amuri AA; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Juru A; National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe., Kandeil A; Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt., Mostafa A; Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt., Rebai A; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Sayed A; Genomics and Epigenomics Program, Research Department CCHE57357, Cairo, Egypt., Kazeem A; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Balde A; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Jean Piaget, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.; University Jean Piaget in Guinea-Bissau, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau., Christoffels A; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.; SAMRC Bioinformatics Unit, SA Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa., Trotter AJ; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Campbell A; Central Public Health Reference Laboratories, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Keita AK; Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea.; TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France., Kone A; University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali., Bouzid A; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates., Souissi A; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Agweyu A; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Naguib A; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Cairo, Egypt., Gutierrez AV; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Nkeshimana A; National Institute of Public Health, Bujumbura, Burundi., Page AJ; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Yadouleton A; Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales du Benin, Cotonou, Benin., Vinze A; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Happi AN; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Chouikha A; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.; Research Laboratory 'Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Apporach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health', LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute, Tunis 1002, Tunisia., Iranzadeh A; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Maharaj A; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Batchi-Bouyou AL; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.; Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Ismail A; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa., Sylverken AA; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kumasi, Ghana.; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana., Goba A; Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Femi A; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Sijuwola AE; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Marycelin B; Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1414, Maiduguri, Nigeria.; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria., Salako BL; The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.; Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., Oderinde BS; Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1414, Maiduguri, Nigeria., Bolajoko B; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Diarra B; University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali., Herring BL; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Tsofa B; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Lekana-Douki B; Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.; Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon., Mvula B; National HIV Reference Laboratory, Community Health Sciences Unit, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi., Njanpop-Lafourcade BM; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Marondera BT; African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Khaireh BA; National Medical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti.; Africa CDC, Rapid Responder, Team Djibouti, Djibouti, Djibouti., Kouriba B; Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux-Mali (CICM-Mali), Bamako, Mali., Adu B; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana., Pool B; Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles., McInnis B; Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt., Brook C; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar., Williamson C; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.; National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa., Nduwimana C; National Institute of Public Health, Bujumbura, Burundi., Anscombe C; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK., Pratt CB; University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA., Scheepers C; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.; SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Akoua-Koffi CG; CHU de Bouaké, Laboratoire/Unité de Diagnostic des Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques et Virus Émergents, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.; UFR Sciences Médicales, Universite Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire., Agoti CN; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.; School of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya., Mapanguy CM; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.; Faculty of Science and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Loucoubar C; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Onwuamah CK; Centre for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria., Ihekweazu C; Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria., Malaka CN; Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Fièvres Hémorragiques virales, Virus Emergents et Zoonoses, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic., Peyrefitte C; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Grace C; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Omoruyi CE; Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., Rafaï CD; Le Laboratoire National de Biologie Clinique et de Santé Publique (LNBCSP), Bangui, Central African Republic., Morang'a CM; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana., Erameh C; Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria., Lule DB; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda., Bridges DJ; PATH, Lusaka, Zambia., Mukadi-Bamuleka D; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Park D; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Rasmussen DA; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA., Baker D; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Nokes DJ; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.; School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK., Ssemwanga D; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda., Tshiabuila D; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Amuzu DSY; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana., Goedhals D; PathCare Vermaak, Pretoria, South Africa and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa., Grant DS; Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Omuoyo DO; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Maruapula D; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana., Wanjohi DW; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Foster-Nyarko E; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Lusamaki EK; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France., Simulundu E; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia., Ong'era EM; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Ngabana EN; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Abworo EO; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya., Otieno E; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Shumba E; African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Barasa E; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Ahmed EB; INRSP, Nouakchott, Mauritania.; Faculté de Médecine de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritani., Ahmed EA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan., Lokilo E; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Mukantwari E; Rwanda National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda., Philomena E; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Belarbi E; Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany., Simon-Loriere E; G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Anoh EA; CHU de Bouaké, Laboratoire/Unité de Diagnostic des Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques et Virus Émergents, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire., Manuel E; Direcção Nacional da Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Luanda, Angola., Leendertz F; Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany., Taweh FM; National Public Health Reference Laboratory-National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia., Wasfi F; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia., Abdelmoula F; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.; Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia., Takawira FT; National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe., Derrar F; National Influenza Centre, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers, Algeria., Ajogbasile FV; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Treurnicht F; Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Onikepe F; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Ntoumi F; Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany., Muyembe FM; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Ragomzingba FEZ; Ministère de Santé Publique et de la Solidarité Nationale, Ndjamena, Chad., Dratibi FA; WHO Int Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros.; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Iyanu FA; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Mbunsu GK; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Thilliez G; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Kay GL; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Akpede GO; Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria., van Zyl GU; Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.; National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa., Awandare GA; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana., Kpeli GS; UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana., Schubert G; Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany., Maphalala GP; Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Testing Laboratory, Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini., Ranaivoson HC; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar., Omunakwe HE; Satellite Molecular Laboratory, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria., Onywera H; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Abe H; Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan., Karray H; CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Nansumba H; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Kampala, Uganda., Triki H; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia., Kadjo HAA; Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Departement des Virus Epidemiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire., Elgahzaly H; Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt., Gumbo H; National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe., Mathieu H; Doctoral School of Technical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology and Human Health, N'Djamena, Chad., Kavunga-Membo H; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Smeti I; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Olawoye IB; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Adetifa IMO; Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria.; Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK., Odia I; Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria., Ben Boubaker IB; Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, National Influenza Center, Tunis, Tunisia.; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Research Laboratory LR99ES09, Tunis, Tunisia., Muhammad IA; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Ssewanyana I; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Kampala, Uganda., Wurie I; College of Medicine and Allied Health Science, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Konstantinus IS; Namibia Institute of Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia., Halatoko JWA; National Institute of Hygiene, Lomé, Togo., Ayei J; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan., Sonoo J; Virology/Molecular Biology Department, Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius., Makangara JC; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Tamfum JM; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Heraud JM; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar., Shaffer JG; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA., Giandhari J; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Musyoki J; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Nkurunziza J; WHO Burundi, Gitega, Burundi., Uwanibe JN; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Bhiman JN; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Yasuda J; Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan., Morais J; Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola.; Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola., Kiconco J; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda., Sandi JD; Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Huddleston J; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Odoom JK; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana., Morobe JM; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Gyapong JO; UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana., Kayiwa JT; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda., Okolie JC; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Xavier JS; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Unaí, Brazil., Gyamfi J; UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana., Wamala JF; WHO South Sudan, Juba, South Sudan., Bonney JHK; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana., Nyandwi J; National Institute of Public Health, Bujumbura, Burundi.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi., Everatt J; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa., Nakaseegu J; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda., Ngoi JM; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana., Namulondo J; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda., Oguzie JU; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Andeko JC; Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon., Lutwama JJ; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda., Mogga JJH; WHO South Sudan, Juba, South Sudan., O'Grady J; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Siddle KJ; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Victoir K; Pasteur Network, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Adeyemi KT; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Tumedi KA; Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana., Carvalho KS; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, Cape Verde., Mohammed KS; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Dellagi K; Pasteur Network, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Musonda KG; Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia., Duedu KO; UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana., Fki-Berrajah L; CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Singh L; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Kepler LM; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA., Biscornet L; Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles., de Oliveira Martins L; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Chabuka L; Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi., Olubayo L; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Ojok LD; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan., Deng LL; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan., Ochola-Oyier LI; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Tyers L; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Mine M; National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana., Ramuth M; Virology/Molecular Biology Department, Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius., Mastouri M; Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.; Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia., ElHefnawi M; Biomedical Informatics and Chemoinformatics Group, Informatics and Systems Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt., Mbanne M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Matsheka MI; Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana., Kebabonye M; Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana., Diop M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Momoh M; Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone., Lima Mendonça MDL; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, Cape Verde., Venter M; Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa., Paye MF; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Faye M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Nyaga MM; Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa., Mareka M; National Reference Laboratory Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho., Damaris MM; Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya., Mburu MW; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Mpina MG; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.; Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea.; Ifakara Health Insitute, Ifakara, Tanzania., Owusu M; Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana., Wiley MR; University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA.; PraesensBio, Lincoln, NE, USA., Tatfeng MY; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria., Ayekaba MO; Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea., Abouelhoda M; Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Beloufa MA; National Influenza Centre, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers, Algeria., Seadawy MG; Biological Prevention Department, Ministry of Defence, Cairo, Egypt.; Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt., Khalifa MK; Molecular Pathology Lab, Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt., Matobo MM; National Reference Laboratory Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho., Kane M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Salou M; LaboratoireBiolim FSS/Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo., Mbulawa MB; Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana., Mwenda M; PATH, Lusaka, Zambia., Allam M; Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates., Phan MVT; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda., Abid N; Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.; High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad 5000, Monastir, Tunisia., Rujeni N; Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.; School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda., Abuzaid N; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan., Ismael N; Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique., Elguindy N; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Cairo, Egypt., Top NM; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Dia N; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Mabunda N; Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique., Hsiao NY; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa., Silochi NB; Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea., Francisco NM; Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola., Saasa N; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia., Bbosa N; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda., Murunga N; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Gumede N; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Wolter N; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Sitharam N; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Ndodo N; Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria., Ajayi NA; Internal Medicine Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria., Tordo N; Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conarky, Guinea., Mbhele N; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Razanajatovo NH; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar., Iguosadolo N; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Mba N; Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria., Kingsley OC; Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria., Sylvanus O; Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria., Femi O; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences. College of Health Sciences. University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria., Adewumi OM; Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., Testimony O; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Ogunsanya OA; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Fakayode O; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria., Ogah OE; Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria., Oludayo OE; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Faye O; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Smith-Lawrence P; Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana., Ondoa P; African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Combe P; Mayotte Hospital Center, Mayotte, France., Nabisubi P; The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda.; Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Semanda P; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Kampala, Uganda., Oluniyi PE; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Arnaldo P; Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique., Quashie PK; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana., Okokhere PO; Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria., Bejon P; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Dussart P; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar., Bester PA; Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa., Mbala PK; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Kaleebu P; MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda., Abechi P; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., El-Shesheny R; Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt.; Infectious Hazards Preparedness, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt., Joseph R; Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Aziz RK; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, Egypt., Essomba RG; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon., Ayivor-Djanie R; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana., Njouom R; Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon., Phillips RO; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana., Gorman R; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana., Kingsley RA; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Neto Rodrigues RMDESA; Coordenadora da rede do Diagnóstico Tuberculose/HIV/COVID-19 na Instituição - Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Tuberculose em São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe.; Ponto focal para Melhoria da qualidade dos Laboratórios (SLIPTA) ao nível de São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe., Audu RA; The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria., Carr RAA; UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana., Gargouri S; CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Masmoudi S; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Bootsma S; WHO South Sudan, Juba, South Sudan., Sankhe S; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Mohamed SI; National Public Health Reference Laboratory (NPHRL), Mogadishu, Somalia., Femi S; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Mhalla S; University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Research Laboratory LR99ES09, Tunis, Tunisia.; Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia., Hosch S; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland., Kassim SK; Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt., Metha S; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Trabelsi S; Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Lab, LR16SP02, National Center of Pharmacovigilance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia., Agwa SH; Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt., Mwangi SW; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Doumbia S; University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali., Makiala-Mandanda S; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Aryeetey S; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana., Ahmed SS; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Cairo, Egypt., Ahmed SM; INRSP, Nouakchott, Mauritania., Elhamoumi S; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Moyo S; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana.; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Lutucuta S; Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola., Gaseitsiwe S; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana.; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Jalloh S; Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Andriamandimby SF; Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar., Oguntope S; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Grayo S; Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conarky, Guinea., Lekana-Douki S; Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon., Prosolek S; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Ouangraoua S; Centre MURAZ, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.; National Institute of Public Health of Burkina Faso (INSP/BF), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso., van Wyk S; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Schaffner SF; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Kanyerezi S; The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda.; Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Ahuka-Mundeke S; Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.; Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo., Rudder S; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Pillay S; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Nabadda S; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Kampala, Uganda., Behillil S; National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Budiaki SL; National Reference Laboratory Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho., van der Werf S; National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Mashe T; National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe.; World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe., Mohale T; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa., Le-Viet T; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK., Velavan TP; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam., Schindler T; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.; Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea.; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland., Maponga TG; Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa., Bedford T; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Anyaneji UJ; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Chinedu U; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Ramphal U; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.; Sub-Saharan African Network For TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), Durban, South Africa., George UE; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Enouf V; National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Nene V; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya., Gorova V; World Health Organization, WHO Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho.; Med24 Medical Centre, Ruwa, Zimbabwe., Roshdy WH; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Cairo, Egypt., Karim WA; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Ampofo WK; Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana., Preiser W; Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.; National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa., Choga WT; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana.; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa., Ahmed YA; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Ramphal Y; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Bediako Y; West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; Yemaachi Biotech, Accra, Ghana., Naidoo Y; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Butera Y; Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.; Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.; Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, Liège, Belgium., de Laurent ZR; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya., Ouma AEO; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., von Gottberg A; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Githinji G; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya., Moeti M; World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo., Tomori O; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Sabeti PC; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA., Sall AA; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Oyola SO; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya., Tebeje YK; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Tessema SK; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., de Oliveira T; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA., Happi C; African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria., Lessells R; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa., Nkengasong J; Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Wilkinson E; Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Publikováno v: Science (New York, N.Y.) [Science] 2022 Oct 07; Vol. 378 (6615), pp. eabq5358. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Oct 07.