Frailty, Outcomes, Recovery and Care Steps of Critically Ill Patients (FORECAST): a prospective, multi-centre, cohort study.

Autor: Muscedere J; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada. John.Muscedere@kingstonhsc.ca., Bagshaw SM; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada., Kho M; School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Science, Physiotherapy Department, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada., Mehta S; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada., Cook DJ; Departments of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada., Boyd JG; Department of Medicine (Neurology) and Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada., Sibley S; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada., Wang HT; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada., Archambault PM; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada., Albert M; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Research Center and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada., Rewa OG; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada., Ball I; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada., Norman PA; Kingston General Health Research Institute and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada., Day AG; Kingston General Health Research Institute and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada., Hunt M; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada., Loubani O; Department of Critical Care, Dalhousie University, Halifax, ON, Canada., Mele T; Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada., Sarti AJ; Department of Critical Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada., Shahin J; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.

Publikováno v: Intensive care medicine [Intensive Care Med] 2024 Jul; Vol. 50 (7), pp. 1064-1074. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 15.

Long-term morbidity and mortality of patients who survived past 30 days from bloodstream infection: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

Autor: Bai AD; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. Electronic address: tony.bai@queensu.ca., Daneman N; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada., Brown KA; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada., Boyd JG; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada., Gill SS; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

Publikováno v: The Journal of infection [J Infect] 2024 Nov; Vol. 89 (5), pp. 106283. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 25.

Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion Strategy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Autor: Turgeon AF; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Fergusson DA; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Clayton L; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Patton MP; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Neveu X; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Walsh TS; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Docherty A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Malbouisson LM; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Pili-Floury S; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., English SW; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Zarychanski R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Moore L; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Bonaventure PL; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Laroche V; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Verret M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Scales DC; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Adhikari NKJ; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Greenbaum J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Kramer A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Rey VG; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Ball I; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Khwaja K; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Wise M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Harvey D; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Lamontagne F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Chabanne R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Algird A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Krueper S; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Pottecher J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Zeiler F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Rhodes J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Rigamonti A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Burns KEA; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Marshall J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Griesdale DE; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Sisconetto LS; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Kutsogiannis DJ; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Roger C; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Green R; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Boyd JG; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Wright J; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Charbonney E; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Nair P; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Astles T; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Sy E; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Hébert PC; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Chassé M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Gomez A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Ramsay T; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Taljaard M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Fox-Robichaud A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Tinmouth A; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., St-Onge M; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Costerousse O; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France., Lauzier F; From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.F.T., M.V., M.S.-O., F. Lauzier), the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (L.M.), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (P.L.B.), the Department of Medicine (V.L., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (M.S.-O.), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, the Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T., L.C., M.-P.P., X.N., L.M., P.L.B., M.V., M.S.-O., O.C., F. Lauzier), and the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine Service, Hôpital de L'Enfant-Jésus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval (A.F.T., F. Lauzier), Quebec City, QC, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the School of Epidemiology and Public Health (D.A.F., S.W.E., T.R., M.T., A.T.), the Division of Critical Care (S.W.E.), the Division of Hematology (A.T.), and the Division of Palliative Care (P.C.H.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (L.C.), the Department of Internal Medicine (R.Z.), the Departments of Surgery and of Human Anatomy and Cell Science (F.Z., A.G.), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering (F.Z.), University of Manitoba, and the Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology and the Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba (R.Z.), Winnipeg, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center and Sunnybrook Research Institute (D.C.S., N.K.J.A.), and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (D.C.S., N.K.J.A., A.R., K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.K.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON (I.B.), the Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (K.K.), the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F. Lamontagne), the Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON (A.A.), the Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (A.R.), the Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, and the Department of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto-St. Michael's Hospital (K.E.A.B., J.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine (A.F.-R.) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (K.E.A.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D.E.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (D.J.K.), Trauma Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia Health, and the Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax (R.G.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (J.G.B.), the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal (E.C., M.C.), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Québec, Trois-Rivières (E.C.), the University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, and Saskatchewan Health Authority-Regina Area, Regina (E.S.), and Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (P.C.H.) - all in Canada; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences (T.S.W., A.D.) and the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (T.S.W., A.D., J.R.), Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (J.G.), the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London (V.G.R.), Cardiff University and the University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff (M.W.), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham (D.H.), University Hospitals North Midlands-Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent (S.K.), the Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (F.Z.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), and the Walton NHS Foundation Trust (P.N.) and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS (T.A.), Liverpool - all in the United Kingdom; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School (L.M.M.), and the Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Amor de Nossa Senhora (L.S.S.) - both in São Paulo; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon (S.P.-F.), Département Anesthésie Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (R.C.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Péri-Opératoire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (J.P.), and UR-UM103 IMAGINE, University of Montpellier, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pain, and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Montpellier (C.R.) - all in France.

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2024 Aug 22; Vol. 391 (8), pp. 722-735. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 13.

Calcineurin Inhibitor in NEuRoloGically deceased donors to decrease kidney delayed graft function study: study protocol of the CINERGY Pilot randomised controlled trial.

Autor: D'Aragon F; Department of Anesthesiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada frederick.daragon@usherbrooke.ca.; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada., Selzner M; Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Quebec, Canada.; Department of General Surgery, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Breau R; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Masse MH; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada., Lamontagne F; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada., Masse M; Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada., Chassé M; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Carrier FM; Department of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada., Cardinal H; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Chaudhury P; Department of Surgery and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.; Transplant Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada., Weiss M; Transplant Québec, Montreal, Québec, Canada.; Population Health and Optimal Health Practives Research Unit (Trauma - Emergency - Critical Care Medicine), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada., Lauzier F; Population Health and Optimal Health Practives Research Unit (Trauma - Emergency - Critical Care Medicine), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.; Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada., Turgeon AF; Population Health and Optimal Health Practives Research Unit (Trauma - Emergency - Critical Care Medicine), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada., Frenette AJ; Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Bolduc B; Department of Pharmacy, Centre integre universitaire de sante et de services sociaux de l'Estrie Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada., Ducharme A; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada., Lamarche C; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.; Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada., Couture E; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Quebec Heart & Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada., Holdsworth S; Canadian Donation and Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada., Bertholz L; Canadian Donation and Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada., Talbot H; Canadian Donation and Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada., Slessarev M; Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada., Luke P; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada., Boyd JG; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Shamseddin MK; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Burns KEA; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, University Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Zaltzman J; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., English S; Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada., Knoll G; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada., Dhanani S; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada., Healey A; Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Hanna S; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Rochwerg B; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Oczkowski SJW; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Treleaven D; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Meade M; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Publikováno v: BMJ open [BMJ Open] 2024 Jun 13; Vol. 14 (6), pp. e086777. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 13.

Ceragenin-coated endotracheal tubes for the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective, longitudinal, cross-over, interrupted time, implementation study protocol (CEASE VAP study).

Autor: Symonds NE; Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Meng EXM; Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Boyd JG; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Boyd T; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Day A; Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Hobbs H; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Maslove DM; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Norman PA; Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Semrau JS; School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada., Sibley S; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada., Muscedere J; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada john.muscedere@kingstonhsc.ca.

Publikováno v: BMJ open [BMJ Open] 2024 Feb 02; Vol. 14 (2), pp. e076720. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Feb 02.