Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults.

Autor: Prekker ME; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Driver BE; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Trent SA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Resnick-Ault D; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Seitz KP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Russell DW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Gaillard JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Latimer AJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Ghamande SA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Gibbs KW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Vonderhaar DJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Whitson MR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Barnes CR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Walco JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Douglas IS; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Krishnamoorthy V; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Dagan A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Bastman JJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Lloyd BD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Gandotra S; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Goranson JK; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Mitchell SH; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., White HD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Palakshappa JA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Espinera A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Page DB; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Joffe A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Hansen SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Hughes CG; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., George T; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Herbert JT; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Shapiro NI; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Schauer SG; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Long BJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Imhoff B; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Wang L; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Rhoads JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Womack KN; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Janz DR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Self WH; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Rice TW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Ginde AA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Casey JD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Semler MW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2023 Aug 03; Vol. 389 (5), pp. 418-429. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jun 16.

Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells and the PD-1 Checkpoint Pathway in Advanced Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer.

Autor: Bastman JJ; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Serracino HS; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Zhu Y; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Koenig MR; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Mateescu V; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Sams SB; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Davies KD; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Raeburn CD; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., McIntyre RC Jr; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., Haugen BR; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045., French JD; Department of Medicine (J.J.B., B.R.H., J.D.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Departments of Pathology (H.S.S., V.M., S.B.S., K.D.D., B.R.H.) and Surgery (Y.Z., M.R.K., R.C.M., C.D.R.), and University of Colorado Cancer Center (B.R.H., J.D.F.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045.

Publikováno v: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism [J Clin Endocrinol Metab] 2016 Jul; Vol. 101 (7), pp. 2863-73. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 Apr 05.