Zobrazeno 1 - 10
of 307
pro vyhledávání: '"Avroy A Fanaroff"'
Autor:
Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff
Publikováno v:
Pediatrics and Neonatology, Vol 54, Iss 4, Pp 228-234 (2013)
The tremendous advancement that has occurred in neonatal intensive care over the last 40–50 years can be largely attributed to greater understanding of developmental pathobiology in the newborn lung. Nonetheless, this improved survival from respira
Externí odkaz:
https://doaj.org/article/298fd15c08674536ae1262a98480354e
Publikováno v:
Critical Care Medicine.
Publikováno v:
American Journal of Perinatology
Despite continued advances and developments in neonatal medicine, neonatal sepsis is the third leading cause of neonatal mortality and a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Sepsis accounts for mortality for almost 50% of
Autor:
Angie Tune, Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp, Avroy A. Fanaroff, Ronald L. Ariagno, Sarah A. Coggins, Sarah N. Grossarth
Publikováno v:
Journal of Perinatology. 38:211-216
The world of medicine and the research behind it is ever evolving. As a pioneer in neonatology, Dr. Marshall H. Klaus has made many seminal discoveries in surfactant biology, but he may be best known for his leadership in the humane care of mothers a
Autor:
Jean R. Lowe, Yvonne E. Vaucher, Ira Adams-Chapman, Elizabeth F. Bruno, Paul Zlotnik, Kristin M. Zaterka-Baxter, Nancy Close, Alicia Guzman, Susan R. Hintz, Amanda Soong, Wade Rich, Alexandra Stroerger, Seetha Shankaran, Saba Siddiki, Sharon L. Wright, Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis, Gary David Markowitz, Linda Black, Anne M. DeBattista, Donald J. Goldstein, Monika Bhola, Marcia Worley Mersmann, Brenda H. Morris, Vivek Narendran, Patricia L. Ashley, Theresa M. Leach, Barbara J. Stoll, Gail Hounshell, Kim Francis, M. Bethany Ball, Laura A. Goldston, Michele C. Walsh, Amy K. Hutchinson, Tarah T. Colaizy, David K. Stevenson, Lisa K. Washburn, Meghan Lukasik, Abhik Das, Linda J. Reubens, Maureen Mulligan LaRossa, Rene Barbieri-Welge, John M. Fiascone, Ann B. Cook, Jon E. Tyson, Carlos Torres, Renee Bridge, Melinda S. Proud, John A. Widness, Stephanie Wilson Archer, Kathleen G. Nelson, Kristi L. Watterberg, Katherine A. Foy, Abbot R. Laptook, Dan Gingras, Bradley A. Yoder, Michelle Harwood Berkowits, Richard A. Ehrenkranz, Janet Taft, Neil N. Finer, Fred J. Biasini, J. M. DiFiore, James P. Kiley, Anthony J. Piazza, Shahnaz Duara, William F. Malcolm, Lizette E. Torres, Kathy J. Auten, Dianne E. Herron, Mike Steffens, Nancy Peters, Sally Whitley, Nancy S. Newman, Charles R. Rosenfeld, Nancy A. Miller, Sarah Martin, Beverly Foley Harris, Conra Backstrom Lacy, Linda A. Madden, Gloria V. Smikle, Kathy Arnell, Kristen C. Johnston, Anna M. Dusick, Martha G. Fuller, Heike M. Minnich, Vineet Bhandari, Donna Posin, Kate Bridges, Martha R. Leonard, Roy J. Heyne, Noelle Younge, Christine G. Butler, Patricia Gettner, Carolyn M. Petrie Huitema, Sharon F. Freedman, Rachel V. Walden, Helina Pierre, Waldemar A. Carlo, Robert G. Dillard, Joanne Williams, Ellen Nylen, Margarita Jiminez, Victoria E. Watson, Sheena L. Carter, Richard V. Rector, Barbara Alksninis, David Wang, Bill Cashore, Kimberley A. Fisher, Susie Buchter, Michael J. Acarregui, Bonnie E. Stephens, Alexis N. Diaz, W. Kenneth Poole, Ana K. Brussa, Alexis S. Davis, Carolyn Lytle, Jill Burnett, Laura Grau, Bonnie S. Siner, Melissa Whalen Morris, Karen A. Osborne, Melinda Caskey, Cryshelle S. Patterson, Renee P. Pyle, Laura L. Whitely, Harriet Friedman, Sheree York, Kelley Yost, Emily Kushner, Rebecca Bara, Cathy Grisby, Arlene Zadell, Barbara D. Alexander, Ivan D. Frantz, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen, James W. Pickett, Karen J. Johnson, Sheila Greisman, Susan Barnett, Beena G. Sood, Ann M. Blackwelder, Catherine Twell Boatman, Gary J. Myers, Athina Pappas, Ariel A. Salas, Jean G. Kohn, Ayala Ben-Tall, Ellen C. Hale, Brenda B. Poindexter, Rosemary D. Higgins, Elisabeth Dinkins, Elizabeth T. Heyne, Teresa L. Gratton, Kerry Wilder, Jonathan W. Mink, Regina A. Gargus, Deanne E. Wilson-Costello, Rebecca Montman, Charles R. Bauer, Dale L. Phelps, Jamie E. Newman, Leslie Dawn Wilson, Pablo J. Sánchez, Alan H. Jobe, Monica Konstantino, Melody B. Lohmeyer, Monica V. Collins, Charles Green, Hali E. Weiss, Elizabeth Billian, Dorothy B. Gail, Clarence Demetrio, Kurt Schibler, Mary Anne Berberich, Leslie Rodriguez, David K. Wallace, Shabnam Lainwala, Betty R. Vohr, Sobha Fritz, Kasey Hamlin-Smith, William Oh, Deborah Pontillo, David P. Carlton, Cheryl Runyan, Arielle Riguard, Shawna Baker, Avroy A. Fanaroff, Sara Krzywanski, Shirley S. Cosby, Barbara Bentley, Gaynelle Hensley, Walid A. Salhab, Joan Merzbach, Cecelia E. Sibley, James Allen, Elaine Romano, C. Michael Cotten, Maria Hopkins, Vivien Phillips, Kimberly Yolton, Michael S. Caplan, Kathryn E. Gustafson, Andrea Milena Becerra Garcia, Kirstin J. Bailey, Margaret L. Poundstone, Diana M. Vasil, Cherrie D. Welch, Sarah Lillie, Ellen Waldrep, Jeanette O'Donnell Auman, Gulgun Yalcinkaya, Kalida Mehta, Patricia W. Evans, Harris Gelbard, Carroll Peterson, Angelita M. Hensman, Sylvia Hiriart-Fajardo, Edward F. Donovan, Barbara Do, James Wilkes, Marie G. Gantz, Nicholas H. St. John, Elaine O. Mathews, Harris C. Jacobs, Deborah Evans Allred, Rosemary L. Jensen, Suzy Ventura, Kathleen A. Kennedy, Dawn Andrews, Walter Gilliam, Kristen Angela, Mary Johnson, Katharine Johnson, Krisa P. Van Meurs, Barbara G. Jackson, Betty K. Hastings, Holly L. Mincey, Elisabeth C. McGowan, Brenda L. MacKinnon, JoAnn Poulsen, Pat Cervone, Edward F. Bell, T. Michael O'Shea, Janet S. Morgan, Elaine Ito, Julie Rohr, Ruth Everett-Thomas, Patti L. Pierce Tate, Laura Cole, Maria Calejo, Dennis Wallace, Paul Wozniak, Maynard Rasmussen, Robin K. Ohls, Lisa Augostino, Silvia M. Frade Eguaras, Faithe Hamer, Julie Babish Johnson, Karen Zanetti, Roger G. Faix, Maria Elena DeAnda, Ronald N. Goldberg, James A. Lemons, Diane Hust, Stacy Reddoch, Karie Bird, Jody Hessling, Araceli Solis, Carol J. Blaisdell, Raquel Halfond, Erica Burnell, Nirupama Laroia, Georgia E. McDavid, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Sally S. Adams, Korinne Chiu, Cynthia Spencer, Lucy Noel, Melissa Martin, Nora I. Alaniz, James R. Moore, Ricki F. Goldstein, Janell Fuller, Melissa H. Lepps, Anne Furey, Diane L. Eastman, Jonathan M. Klein, Anna E. Lis
Publikováno v:
J Pediatr
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of early treatment with CPAP on nutritional intake and in-hospital growth rates of extremely preterm (EPT) infants. STUDY DESIGN: EPT infants (24–0/7 to 27–6/7 weeks of gestation) enrolled in the Surfactant Posi
Autor:
Michael S. Caplan, Avroy A. Fanaroff
Publikováno v:
Seminars in Perinatology. 41:2-6
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a devastating disease afflicting premature infants, though after 50 years of investigation, the pathophysiology remains elusive. This report describes the possible etiologic factors from a historical perspective, and outl
Autor:
Elisabeth C. McGowan, Abbot. R. Laptook, Jean Lowe, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen, Dhuly Chowdhury, Rosemary D. Higgins, Susan R. Hintz, Betty R. Vohr, Richard A. Polin, Abbott R. Laptook, Martin Keszler, Angelita M. Hensman, Barbara Alksninis, Kristin M. Basso, Robert Burke, Melinda Caskey, Katharine Johnson, Mary Lenore Keszler, Andrea M. Knoll, Theresa M. Leach, Emilee Little, Elisa Vieira, Victoria E. Watson, Suzy Ventura, Michele C. Walsh, Avroy A. Fanaroff, Anna Marie Hibbs, Deanne E. Wilson-Costello, Nancy S. Newman, Allison H. Payne, Bonnie S. Siner, Monika Bhola, Gulgun Yalcinkaya, Harriet G. Friedman, William E. Truog, Eugenia K. Pallotto, Howard W. Kilbride, Cheri Gauldin, Anne Holmes, Kathy Johnson, Allison Knutson, Kurt Schibler, Edward F. Donovan, Cathy Grisby, Kate Bridges, Barbara Alexander, Estelle E. Fischer, Holly L. Mincey, Jody Hessling, Teresa L. Gratton, Lenora Jackson, Kristin Kirker, Greg Muthig, Jean J. Steichen, Stacey Tepe, Kimberly Yolton, Ronald N. Goldberg, C. Michael Cotten, Ricki F. Goldstein, Patricia L. Ashley, William F. Malcolm, Kathy J. Auten, Kimberley A. Fisher, Sandra Grimes, Kathryn E. Gustafson, Melody B. Lohmeyer, Joanne Finkle, Matthew M. Laughon, Carl L. Bose, Janice Bernhardt, Gennie Bose, Cindy Clark, Linda Manor, Diane Warner, Janice Wereszczak, David P. Carlton, Barbara J. Stoll, Ira Adams-Chapman, Ellen C. Hale, Yvonne Loggins, Stephanie Wilson Archer, Gregory M. Sokol, Brenda B. Poindexter, Anna M. Dusick, Lu-Ann Papile, Susan Gunn, Faithe Hamer, Dianne E. Herron, Abbey C. Hines, Carolyn Lytle, Heike M. Minnich, Lucy Smiley, Leslie Dawn Wilson, Pablo J. Sanchez, Leif D. Nelin, Sudarshan R. Jadcherla, Patricia Luzader, Christine A. Fortney, Gail E. Besner, Nehal A. Parikh, Abhik Das, Dennis Wallace, Marie G. Gantz, W. Kenneth Poole, Jamie E. Newman, Jeanette O'Donnell Auman, Margaret M. Crawford, Carolyn M. Petrie Huitema, Kristin M. Zaterka-Baxter, Krisa P. Van Meurs, David K. Stevenson, M. Bethany Ball, Alexis S. Davis, Andrew W. Palmquist, Melinda S. Proud, Barbara Bentley, Elizabeth Bruno, Maria Elena DeAnda, Anne M. DeBattista, Beth Earhart, Lynne C. Huffman, Jean G. Kohn, Casey Krueger, Hali E. Weiss, Ivan D. Frantz, John M. Fiascone, Brenda L. MacKinnon, Anne Furey, Ellen Nylen, Waldemar A. Carlo, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Monica V. Collins, Shirley S. Cosby, Fred J. Biasini, Kristen C. Johnston, Kathleen G. Nelson, Cryshelle S. Patterson, Vivien A. Phillips, Sally Whitley, Uday Devaskar, Meena Garg, Isabell B. Purdy, Teresa Chanlaw, Rachel Geller, Neil N. Finer, Yvonne E. Vaucher, David Kaegi, Maynard R. Rasmussen, Kathy Arnell, Clarence Demetrio, Martha G. Fuller, Wade Rich, Edward F. Bell, Tarah T. Colaizy, Michael J. Acarregui, Dan L. Ellsbury, John A. Widness, Karen J. Johnson, Donia B. Campbell, Diane L. Eastman, Jacky R. Walker, Jane E. Brumbaugh, Shahnaz Duara, Charles R. Bauer, Ruth Everett-Thomas, Sylvia Fajardo-Hiriart, Arielle Rigaud, Maria Calejo, Silvia M. Frade Eguaras, Michelle Harwood Berkowits, Andrea Garcia, Helina Pierre, Alexandra Stoerger, Kristi L. Watterberg, Jean R. Lowe, Janell F. Fuller, Robin K. Ohls, Conra Backstrom Lacy, Andrea F. Duncan, Rebecca Montman, Barbara Schmidt, Haresh Kirpalani, Sara B. DeMauro, Aasma S. Chaudhary, Soraya Abbasi, Toni Mancini, Dara M. Cucinotta, Judy C. Bernbaum, Marsha Gerdes, Hallam Hurt, Carl T. D'Angio, Dale L. Phelps, Ronnie Guillet, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Julie Babish Johnson, Linda J. Reubens, Cassandra A. Horihan, Diane Hust, Rosemary L. Jensen, Emily Kushner, Joan Merzbach, Gary J. Myers, Mary Rowan, Holly I.M. Wadkins, Melissa Bowman, Julianne Hunn, Stephanie Guilford, Deanna Maffett, Farooq Osman, Diane Prinzing, Anne Marie Reynolds, Michael G. Sacilowski, Ashley Williams, Karen Wynn, Kelley Yost, William Zorn, Lauren Zwetsch, Kathleen A. Kennedy, Jon E. Tyson, Georgia E. McDavid, Nora I. Alaniz, Julie Arldt-McAlister, Katrina Burson, Patricia W. Evans, Carmen Garcia, Charles Green, Beverly Foley Harris, Margarita Jiminez, Janice John, Patrick M. Jones, Layne M. Lillie, Anna E. Lis, Karen Martin, Sara C. Martin, Brenda H. Morris, M. Layne Poundstone, Peggy Robichaux, Shawna Rodgers, Saba Siddiki, Maegan C. Simmons, Daniel Sperry, Patti L. Pierce Tate, Sharon L. Wright, Myra H. Wyckoff, Luc P. Brion, Roy J. Heyne, Walid A. Salhab, Charles R. Rosenfeld, Diana M. Vasil, Lijun Chen, Alicia Guzman, Gaynelle Hensley, Melissa H. Leps, Nancy A. Miller, Janet S. Morgan, Sally S. Adams, Catherine Twell Boatman, Elizabeth T. Heyne, Linda A. Madden, Lizette E. Torres, Roger G. Faix, Bradley A. Yoder, Karen A. Osborne, Cynthia Spencer, Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis, Shawna Baker, Karie Bird, Jill Burnett, Michael Steffen, Jennifer J. Jensen, Sarah Winter, Karen Zanetti, T. Michael O'Shea, Robert G. Dillard, Lisa K. Washburn, Barbara G. Jackson, Nancy Peters, Korinne Chiu, Deborah Evans Allred, Donald J. Goldstein, Raquel Halfond, Carroll Peterson, Ellen L. Waldrep, Cherrie D. Welch, Melissa Whalen Morris, Gail Wiley Hounshell, Seetha Shankaran, Athina Pappas, John Barks, Rebecca Bara, Laura A. Goldston, Girija Natarajan, Mary Christensen, Stephanie A. Wiggins, Diane White, Richard A. Ehrenkranz, Harris Jacobs, Christine G. Butler, Patricia Cervone, Sheila Greisman, Monica Konstantino, JoAnn Poulsen, Janet Taft, Joanne Williams, Elaine Romano
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants with need for Child Protective Services (CPS) supervision at hospital discharge compared with those discharged without CPS supervision. STUDY DESIGN: For infants born at
Externí odkaz:
https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1df173ee269b38712a82b28e3ce79252
https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6988387/
https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6988387/
Autor:
Jane E. Brumbaugh, Edward F. Bell, Scott F. Grey, Sara B. DeMauro, Betty R. Vohr, Heidi M. Harmon, Carla M. Bann, Matthew A. Rysavy, J. Wells Logan, Tarah T. Colaizy, Myriam A. Peralta-Carcelen, Elisabeth C. McGowan, Andrea F. Duncan, Barbara J. Stoll, Abhik Das, Susan R. Hintz, Michael S. Caplan, Richard A. Polin, Abbot R. Laptook, Martin Keszler, Angelita M. Hensman, Elisa Vieira, Emilee Little, Robert T. Burke, Bonnie E. Stephens, Barbara Alksninis, Carmena Bishop, Mary L. Keszler, Teresa M. Leach, Victoria E. Watson, Andrea M. Knoll, Michele C. Walsh, Avroy A. Fanaroff, Nancy S. Newman, Deanne E. Wilson-Costello, Allison Payne, Monika Bhola, Gulgun Yalcinkaya, Bonnie S. Siner, Harriet G. Friedman, Elizabeth Roth, William E. Truog, Eugenia K. Pallotto, Howard W. Kilbride, Cheri Gauldin, Anne Holmes, Kathy Johnson, Allison Knutson, Kurt Schibler, Brenda B. Poindexter, Stephanie Merhar, Kimberly Yolton, Teresa L. Gratton, Cathy Grisby, Kristin Kirker, Sandra Wuertz, David P. Carlton, Ira Adams-Chapman, Ellen C. Hale, Yvonne C. Loggins, Diane I. Bottcher, Colleen Mackie, Sheena L. Carter, Maureen Mulligan LaRossa, Lynn C. Wineski, Gloria V. Smikle, Angela Leon-Hernandez, Salathiel Kendrick-Allwood, C. Michael Cotten, Ronald N. Goldberg, Ricki F. Goldstein, William F. Malcolm, Patricia L. Ashley, Joanne Finkle, Kimberley A. Fisher, Sandra Grimes, Kathryn E. Gustafson, Matthew M. Laughon, Carl L. Bose, Janice Bernhardt, Gennie Bose, Diane Warner, Janice Wereszczak, Stephen D. Kicklighter, Ginger Rhodes-Ryan, Rosemary D. Higgins, Stephanie Wilson Archer, Gregory M. Sokol, Lu Ann Papile, Abbey C. Hines, Dianne E. Herron, Susan Gunn, Lucy Smiley, Kathleen A. Kennedy, Jon E. Tyson, Julie Arldt-McAlister, Katrina Burson, Allison G. Dempsey, Patricia W. Evans, Carmen Garcia, Margarita Jiminez, Janice John, Patrick M. Jones, M. Layne Lillie, Karen Martin, Sara C. Martin, Georgia E. McDavid, Shawna Rodgers, Saba Khan Siddiki, Daniel Sperry, Patti L. Pierce Tate, Sharon L. Wright, Pablo J. Sánchez, Leif D. Nelin, Sudarshan R. Jadcherla, Patricia Luzader, Christine A. Fortney, Gail E. Besner, Nehal A. Parikh, Dennis Wallace, Marie G. Gantz, Jamie E. Newman, Jeanette O'Donnell Auman, Margaret Crawford, Jenna Gabrio, David Leblond, Carolyn M. Petrie Huitema, Kristin M. Zaterka-Baxter, Krisa P. Van Meurs, Valerie Y. Chock, David K. Stevenson, Marian M. Adams, M. Bethany Ball, Barbara Bentley, Maria Elena DeAnda, Anne M. Debattista, Beth Earhart, Lynne C. Huffman, Magdy Ismael, Casey E. Krueger, Andrew W. Palmquist, Melinda S. Proud, Elizabeth N. Reichert, Meera N. Sankar, Nicholas H. St. John, Heather L. Taylor, Hali E. Weiss, Ivan D. Frantz, John M. Fiascone, Brenda L. MacKinnon, Ellen Nylen, Anne Furey, Cecelia E. Sibley, Ana K. Brussa, Waldemar A. Carlo, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Kirstin J. Bailey, Fred J. Biasini, Monica V. Collins, Shirley S. Cosby, Vivien A. Phillips, Richard V. Rector, Sally Whitley, Uday Devaskar, Meena Garg, Isabell B. Purdy, Teresa Chanlaw, Rachel Geller, Neil N. Finer, Yvonne E. Vaucher, David Kaegi, Maynard R. Rasmussen, Kathy Arnell, Clarence Demetrio, Martha G. Fuller, Wade Rich, Radmila West, Michelle L. Baack, Dan L. Ellsbury, Laurie A. Hogden, Jonathan M. Klein, John M. Dagle, Karen J. Johnson, Tracy L. Tud, Chelsey Elenkiwich, Megan M. Henning, Megan Broadbent, Mendi L. Schmelzel, Jacky R. Walker, Claire A. Goeke, Kristi L. Watterberg, Robin K. Ohls, Conra Backstrom Lacy, Sandra Brown, Janell Fuller, Carol Hartenberger, Jean R. Lowe, Sandra Sundquist Beauman, Mary Ruffner Hanson, Tara Dupont, Elizabeth Kuan, Barbara Schmidt, Haresh Kirpalani, Aasma S. Chaudhary, Soraya Abbasi, Toni Mancini, Dara M. Cucinotta, Judy C. Bernbaum, Marsha Gerdes, Hallam Hurt, Carl T. D'Angio, Ronnie Guillet, Gary J. Myers, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Anne Marie Reynolds, Michelle E. Hartley-McAndrew, Holly I.M. Wadkins, Michael G. Sacilowski, Linda J. Reubens, Rosemary L. Jensen, Joan Merzbach, William Zorn, Osman Farooq, Deanna Maffett, Ashley Williams, Julianne Hunn, Stephanie Guilford, Kelley Yost, Mary Rowan, Diane M. Prinzing, Karen Wynn, Cait Fallone, Ann Marie Scorsone, Myra H. Wyckoff, Luc P. Brion, Roy J. Heyne, Diana M. Vasil, Sally S. Adams, Lijun Chen, Maria M. De Leon, Frances Eubanks, Alicia Guzman, Elizabeth T. Heyne, Linda A. Madden, Nancy A. Miller, Lizette E. Lee, Lara Pavageau, Pollieanna Sepulveda, Cathy Twell Boatman, Roger G. Faix, Bradley A. Yoder, Mariana Baserga, Karen A. Osborne, Shawna Baker, Karie Bird, Jill Burnett, Susan Christensen, Brandy Davis, Jennifer O. Elmont, Jennifer J. Jensen, Manndi C. Loertscher, Trisha Marchant, Earl Maxson, Stephen D. Minton, D. Melody Parry, Carrie A. Rau, Susan T. Schaefer, Mark J. Sheffield, Cynthia Spencer, Mike Steffen, Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis, Sarah Winter, Kathryn D. Woodbury, Karen Zanetti, Seetha Shankaran, Sanjay Chawla, Beena G. Sood, Athina Pappas, Girija Natarajan, Monika Bajaj, Rebecca Bara, Mary E. Johnson, Laura Goldston, Stephanie A. Wiggins, Mary K. Christensen, Martha Carlson, John Barks, Diane F. White, Richard A. Ehrenkranz, Harris Jacobs, Christine G. Butler, Patricia Cervone, Sheila Greisman, Monica Konstantino, JoAnn Poulsen, Janet Taft, Elaine Romano
Publikováno v:
The Journal of pediatrics. 219
To characterize behavior of 2-year-old children based on the severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).We studied children born at 22-26 weeks of gestation and assessed at 22-26 months of corrected age with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). BPD
Publikováno v:
American journal of perinatology. 36(S 02)
Written by a team of leading international experts, Neonatology at a Glance provides a concise and easy-to-read overview of neonatal medicine. Each topic is clearly explained over a two-page spread, aided by numerous diagrams and illustrations. It ha