Zobrazeno 1 - 10
of 17
pro vyhledávání: '"Orru, H."'
Autor:
Masselot P; From the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom., Sera F; From the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications 'G. Parenti', University of Florence, Florence, Italy., Schneider R; From the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, Reading, United Kingdom., Kan H; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China., Lavigne É; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.; Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada., Stafoggia M; Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy., Tobias A; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain.; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan., Chen H; Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada., Burnett RT; Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada., Schwartz J; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA., Zanobetti A; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA., Bell ML; School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven CT., Chen BY; National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan., Guo YL; National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan., Ragettli MS; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland., Vicedo-Cabrera AM; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Åström C; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden., Forsberg B; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden., Íñiguez C; Department of Statistics and Computational Research. Universitat de València, València, Spain.; Ciberesp, Madrid. Spain., Garland RM; Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.; Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa., Scovronick N; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta., Madureira J; Department of Environmental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal., Nunes B; Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.; Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal., De la Cruz Valencia C; Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico., Hurtado Diaz M; Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico., Honda Y; Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan., Hashizume M; Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., Ng CFC; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan., Samoli E; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece., Katsouyanni K; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.; School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom., Schneider A; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany., Breitner S; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.; IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany., Ryti NRI; Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland., Jaakkola JJK; Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland., Maasikmets M; Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, Estonia., Orru H; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia., Guo Y; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia., Valdés Ortega N; Department of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile., Matus Correa P; Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China., Tong S; Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China.; School of Public Health and Institute of Environment and Human Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia., Gasparrini A; From the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.; Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
Publikováno v:
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) [Epidemiology] 2022 Mar 01; Vol. 33 (2), pp. 167-175.
Autor:
Liu C; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Chen R; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Sera F; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Vicedo-Cabrera AM; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Guo Y; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Tong S; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Coelho MSZS; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Saldiva PHN; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Lavigne E; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Matus P; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Valdes Ortega N; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Osorio Garcia S; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Pascal M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Stafoggia M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Scortichini M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Hashizume M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Honda Y; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Hurtado-Díaz M; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Cruz J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Nunes B; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Teixeira JP; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Kim H; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Tobias A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Íñiguez C; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Forsberg B; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Åström C; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Ragettli MS; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Guo YL; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Chen BY; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Bell ML; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Wright CY; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Scovronick N; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Garland RM; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Milojevic A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Kyselý J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Urban A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Orru H; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Indermitte E; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Jaakkola JJK; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Ryti NRI; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Katsouyanni K; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Analitis A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Zanobetti A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Schwartz J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Chen J; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Wu T; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Cohen A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Gasparrini A; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.)., Kan H; From the School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (C.L., R.C., H. Kan), the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (J. Chen), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (R.C., H. Kan), Fudan University, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (S.T.), and Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health (H. Kan), Shanghai, the School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai (Y.G.), the School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (S.T.), and the Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (T.W.) - all in China; the Department of Public Health, Environments and Society (F.S., A.M.V.-C., A.M., A.G.) and the Centre for Statistical Methodology (A.G.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and the School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London (K.K.), London; the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC (Y.G.), and the School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (S.T.) - both in Australia; the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo (M.S.Z.S.C., P.H.N.S.); the Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON (E.L.); the Department of Public Health (P.M.) and the School of Nursing and Obstetrics (N.V.O.), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Vista Hermosa, Bogota, Colombia (S.O.G.); Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France (M.P.); the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL Roma 1, Rome (M. Stafoggia, M. Scortichini); Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm (M. Stafoggia), and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå (B.F., C.Å., H.O.) - both in Sweden; the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki (M.H.), and the Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba (Y.H.) - both in Japan; the Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (M.H.-D., J. Cruz); the Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon (B.N., J.P.T.), and the Epidemiology Research Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto (J.P.T.) - both in Portugal; the Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea (H. Kim); the Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona (A.T.), and the Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia Environmental Health Joint Research Unit Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I de Castellón Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia (C.I.) - both in Spain; the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (M.S.R.); Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (Y.-L.G., B.-Y.C.), and the College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital (Y.-L.G.), Taipei City; the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT (M.L.B.); the Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (C.Y.W.), the Department of Geography, Geo-informatics, and Meteorology, University of Pretoria (C.Y.W., R.M.G.), and the Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (R.M.G.), Pretoria, and the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom (R.M.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (N.S.); the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, (J.K., A.U.), and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (J.K.), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; the Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (H.O., E.I.); the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (J.J.K.J., N.R.I.R.); the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (K.K., A.A.); the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.Z., J.S.), and the Health Effects Institute (A.C.), Boston; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (A.C.).
Publikováno v:
The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2019 Aug 22; Vol. 381 (8), pp. 705-715.
Autor:
Orru K; Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. kati.orru@ut.ee.; Institute of Social Studies, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia. kati.orru@ut.ee., Nordin S; Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden., Harzia H; Estonian Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia., Orru H; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Publikováno v:
International archives of occupational and environmental health [Int Arch Occup Environ Health] 2018 Jul; Vol. 91 (5), pp. 581-589. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Mar 31.
Autor:
Orru K; Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Lossi 36-401, 51003, Tartu, Estonia. kati.orru@ut.ee., Orru H; Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, Estonia., Maasikmets M; Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia., Hendrikson R; Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Lossi 36-401, 51003, Tartu, Estonia., Ainsaar M; Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Lossi 36-401, 51003, Tartu, Estonia.
Publikováno v:
Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation [Qual Life Res] 2016 Mar; Vol. 25 (3), pp. 699-705. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Aug 20.
Autor:
Orru H; 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden [2] Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia., Lövenheim B; Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden., Johansson C; 1] Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Applied Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden., Forsberg B; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
Publikováno v:
Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology [J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol] 2015 Sep-Oct; Vol. 25 (5), pp. 524-31. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Apr 29.
Autor:
Orru H; Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Hans.Orru@ut.ee, Laukaitienė A, Zurlytė I
Publikováno v:
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) [Medicina (Kaunas)] 2012; Vol. 48 (9), pp. 472-7.
Autor:
Orru H; Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Estonia. Hans.Orru@ut.ee, Jõgi R, Kaasik M, Forsberg B
Publikováno v:
International journal of environmental research and public health [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2009 Nov; Vol. 6 (11), pp. 2740-51. Date of Electronic Publication: 2009 Oct 30.
Autor:
Orru H; Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia. hans.orru@ut.ee, Teinemaa E, Lai T, Tamm T, Kaasik M, Kimmel V, Kangur K, Merisalu E, Forsberg B
Publikováno v:
Environmental health : a global access science source [Environ Health] 2009 Mar 03; Vol. 8, pp. 7. Date of Electronic Publication: 2009 Mar 03.
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